<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vguit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Воронежского государственного университета инженерных технологий</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-910X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-1202</issn><publisher><publisher-name>VSUET</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20914/2310-1202-2021-3-216-225</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vguit-2854</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Химическая технология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Fundamental and Applied chemistry, chemical technology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Получение бентонит-модифицированных биполярных ионообменных мембран и изучение их электрохимических характеристик</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Obtaining bentonite-modified bipolar ion-exchange membranes and study of their electrochemical characteristics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7887-3061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нифталиев</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Niftaliev</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.х.н., профессор, кафедра неорганической химии и химической технологии, пр-т Революции, 19, г. Воронеж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chem.), professor, inorganic chemistry and chemical technology department, Revolution av., 19, Voronezh, 394036, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sabukhi@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8135-5801</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козадерова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozaderova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.х.н., профессор, кафедра неорганической химии и химической технологии, пр-т Революции, 19, г. Воронеж, 394036, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chem.), professor, inorganic chemistry and chemical technology department, Revolution av., 19, Voronezh, 394036, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kozaderova-olga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5564-8267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ким</surname><given-names>К. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>K. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.х.н., доцент, кафедра неорганической химии и химической технологии, пр-т Революции, 19, г. Воронеж, 394036, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), associate professor, inorganic chemistry and chemical technology department, Revolution av., 19, Voronezh, 394036, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kmkseniya@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2657-5828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоусов</surname><given-names>П. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belousov</surname><given-names>P. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.г.-м. н., с.н.с., лаборатория геологии рудных месторождений, пер. Старомонетный, 35, г. Москва, 119017, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Сand. Sci. (Geol.-Min.), laboratory of geology of ore deposits, Staromonetny bul., 35, Moscow, 119017, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pitbl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0630-2993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимкова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timkova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, кафедра неорганической химии и химической технологии, пр-т Революции, 19, г. Воронеж, 394036, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student, inorganic chemistry and chemical technology department, Revolution av., 19, Voronezh, 394036, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">timkova.anna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1541-4930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головков</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovkov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент, кафедра неорганической химии и химической технологии, пр-т Революции, 19, г. Воронеж, 394036, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student, inorganic chemistry and chemical technology department, Revolution v., 19, Voronezh, 394036, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vanya.golovkov.01@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State University Engineering Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт геологии рудных месторождений, петрографии, минералогии и геохимии РАН</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State University of  Engineering Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>83</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>216</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нифталиев С.И., Козадерова О.А., Ким К.Б., Белоусов П.Е., Тимкова А.В., Головков И.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нифталиев С.И., Козадерова О.А., Ким К.Б., Белоусов П.Е., Тимкова А.В., Головков И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Niftaliev S.I., Kozaderova O.A., Kim K.B., Belousov P.E., Timkova A.V., Golovkov I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnik-vsuet.ru/vguit/article/view/2854">https://www.vestnik-vsuet.ru/vguit/article/view/2854</self-uri><abstract><p>Получены экспериментальные образцы биполярных ионообменных мембран, изготовленных из жидкого сульфокатионообменника (ЛФ-4СК) с бентонитовыми глинами (природным образцом и органомодифицированным) и анионообменной мембраны МА-41. В качестве органомодификатора использовали четвертичную аммониевую соль - алкилдиметилбензиламмония хлорид (ПАВ). В результате обработки бентонита ПАВ его поверхность становится органофильной и более совместимой с органическим полимером, а также увеличивается межплоскостное расстояние. Экспериментальные биполярные мембраны имеют лучшие характеристики с точки зрения генерации водородных и гидроксильных ионов при конверсии сульфата натрия, чем гетерогенные биполярные мембраны с аналогичными функциональными группами в катионо- и анионообменном слое, выпускаемые серийно. Биполярная мембрана с добавлением органоглины (2% мас.) показала более высокую производительность по H+ - ионам по сравнению с мембраной, содержащей в катионообменном слое природные, не модифицированные образцы бентонита. Кроме увеличения концентрации целевых продуктов для варианта применения органомодифицированного бентонита в катионообменном слое опытного образца мембраны отмечается существенное уменьшение энергозатрат на единицу целевого продукта. Влияние бентонитовой глины на характеристики биполярной мембраны объясняется наличием в составе глины гидроксильных и кремниевых групп, являющихся катализаторами диссоциации молекул воды. Разработана технологическая схема получения экспериментальной биполярной бентонит-модифицированной мембраны, основными стадиями которой являются: подготовка бентонита (сушка и измельчение); обработка бентонитовой глины алкилдиметилбензиламмония хлоридом; обработка суспензии органоглины и жидкого сульфокатионообменника ЛФ-4СК ультразвуком; нанесение полученной суспензии на мембрану-подложку - анионообменную мембрану с четвертичными аммониевыми группами МА-41.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Experimental samples of bipolar ion-exchange membranes made of a liquid sulfonic cation exchanger (LF-4SK) with bentonite clays (natural and organomodified) and an anion-exchange membrane MA-41 were obtained. A quaternary ammonium salt, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (surfactant), was used as an organomodifier. As a result of the treatment of bentonite with a surfactant, its surface becomes organophilic and more compatible with the organic polymer, and the interplanar distance also increases. Experimental bipolar membranes have better characteristics in terms of generation of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions during the conversion of sodium sulfate than heterogeneous bipolar membranes with similar functional groups in the cation- and anion-exchange layer, which are commercially available.The bipolar membrane with the addition of organoclay (2% wt.) showed a higher productivity in terms of H+ - ions in comparison with the membrane containing natural, unmodified bentonite samples in the cation-exchange layer. The use of organomodified bentonite in the cation-exchange layer of the prototype membrane has increased the concentration of target products and significant decreased in energy consumption per unit of the target product. The effect of bentonite clay on the characteristics of the bipolar membrane is explained by the presence of hydroxyl and silicon groups in the clay, which are catalysts for the dissociation of water molecules. A technological scheme has been developed for obtaining an experimental bipolar bentonite-modified membrane, the main stages of which are: preparation of bentonite (drying and grinding); treatment of bentonite clay with alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride; treatment of organoclay suspension and liquid sulfonic cation exchanger LF-4SK with ultrasound; application of the resulting suspension onto a substrate membrane - an anion-exchange membrane with quaternary ammonium groups MA-41.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электродиализ</kwd><kwd>биполярная мембрана</kwd><kwd>модифицирование</kwd><kwd>бентонит</kwd><kwd>органобентонит</kwd><kwd>сульфат натрия</kwd><kwd>кислота</kwd><kwd>щелочь</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electrodialysis</kwd><kwd>bipolar membrane</kwd><kwd>modification</kwd><kwd>bentonite</kwd><kwd>organobentonite</kwd><kwd>sodium sulfate</kwd><kwd>acid</kwd><kwd>alkali</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках гранта Президента Российской Федерации для государственной поддержки молодых российских ученых - кандидатов наук (МК-685.2021.1.3)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каталог продукции. URL: http://azotom.ru/bipolyarnye-membrany/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Product Catalog. Available at: http://azotom.ru/bipolyarnye-membrany/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fathizadeh M., Aroujalian A., Raisi A. Effect of added NaXnano-zeolite into polyamide as a top thin layer of membrane on water flux and salt rejection in a reverse osmosis process // J. Memb. Sci. 2011. №. 375. P. 88–95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fathizadeh M., Aroujalian A., Raisi A. Effect of added NaXnano-zeolite into polyamide as a top thin layer of membrane on water flux and salt rejection in a reverse osmosis process. J. Memb. Sci. 2011. no. 375. pp. 88–95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hosseini S.M., Madaeni S.S., Zendehnam A., Moghadassi A.R., et al. Preparation and characterization of PVC based heterogeneous ion exchange membrane coated with Ag nanoparticles by (thermal-plasma) treatment assisted surface modification // J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2013. V. 19. №. 3. P. 854–862. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2012.10.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hosseini S.M., Madaeni S.S., Zendehnam A., Moghadassi A.R. et al. Preparation and characterization of PVC based heterogeneous ion exchange membrane coated with Ag nanoparticles by (thermal-plasma) treatment assisted surface modification. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2013. vol. 19. no. 3. pp. 854–862. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2012.10.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zendehnam A., Arabzadegan M., Hosseini S.M., Robatmili N. et al. Fabrication and modification of polyvinylchloride based heterogeneous cation exchange membranes by simultaneous using Fe-Ni oxide nanoparticles and Ag nanolayer: physico-chemical and antibacterial characteristics // Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2013. V. 30. №. 6. P. 1265–1271. doi:10.1007 / s11581–019–03137–8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zendehnam A., Arabzadegan M., Hosseini S.M., Robatmili N. et al. Fabrication and modification of polyvinylchloride based heterogeneous cation exchange membranes by simultaneous using Fe-Ni oxide nanoparticles and Ag nanolayer: physico-chemical and antibacterial characteristics. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2013. vol. 30. no. 6. pp. 1265–1271. doi:10.1007 / s11581–019–03137–8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zarrinkhameh M., ZendehnamA., Hosseini S.M. Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite heterogeneous cation exchange membranes modified by silver nanoparticles // Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2014. V. 31. №. 7. P. 1187–1193. doi:10.1007/s11814–014–0051–1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zarrinkhameh M., ZendehnamA., Hosseini S.M. Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite heterogeneous cation exchange membranes modified by silver nanoparticles. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2014. vol. 31. no. 7. pp. 1187–1193. doi:10.1007/s11814–014–0051–1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang M., Shen Y., Cheng W.et al. Nanocomposite films containing Au nanoparticles formed by electrochemical reduction of metal ions in the multilayer films as electrocatalyst for dioxygen reduction // Analytica Chemical Acta. 2005. V. 535. №. 1. P. 15–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang M., Shen Y., Cheng W.et al. Nanocomposite films containing Au nanoparticles formed by electrochemical reduction of metal ions in the multilayer films as electrocatalyst for dioxygen reduction. Analytica Chemical Acta. 2005. vol. 535. no. 1. pp. 15–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camargo P.H.C., Satyanarayana K.G., Wypych F. Nanocomposites: synthesis, structure, properties and new application opportunities // Mater. Res. 2009. V. 12. №. 1. P. 1–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camargo P.H.C., Satyanarayana K.G., Wypych F. Nanocomposites: synthesis, structure, properties and new application opportunities. Mater. Res. 2009. vol. 12. no. 1. pp. 1–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярославцев А.Б., Никоненко В.В., Заболоцкий В.И. Ионный перенос в мембранных и ионообменных материалах // Успехи химии. 2003. T. 72. № 5. C. 438–470. doi:10.1070/RC2003v072n05ABEH000797</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaroslavtsev A.B., Nikonenko V.V., Zabolotskiy V.I. Ionic transfer in membrane and ion-exchange materials. Сhemistry advances. 2003. vol. 72. no. 5. pp. 438–470. doi:10.1070/RC2003v072n05ABEH000797 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dom?nech B., Bastos – Arrieta J., Alonso A., Macan?s J. et al. Bifunctional Polymer-Metal Nanocomposite Ion Exchange Materials. In book: Ion Exchange Technologies // Chapter: Bifunctional Polymer-Metal Nanocomposite Ion Exchange Materials. 2012. pp. 35–72. doi:10.5772/51579</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dom?nech B., Bastos – Arrieta J., Alonso A., Macan?s J. et al. Bifunctional Polymer-Metal Nanocomposite Ion Exchange Materials. In book: Ion Exchange Technologies. Chapter: Bifunctional Polymer-Metal Nanocomposite Ion Exchange Materials. 2012. pp. 35–72. doi:10.5772/51579</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ярославце А.Б. Взаимосвязь свойств гибридных ионообменных мембран с размерами и природой частиц допанта // Российские нанотехнологии. 2012. T. 7. № 9–10. с. 8–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaroslavtse A.B. Relationship between the properties of hybrid ion-exchange membranes and the size and nature of the dopant particles. Russian Nanotechnologies. 2012. vol. 7. no. 9–10. pp. 8–18 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кравченко Т.А., Сакардина Е.А., Калиничев А.И., Золотухина Е.В. Стабилизация поверхностно- и объемно-распределенных наночастиц меди в ионообменной матрице // Журн. физич. хим. 2015. Т. 89. № 9. C. 1436–1442. doi: 10.7868/S0044453715080178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kravchenko T.A., Sakardina E.A., Kalinichev A.I., Zolotukhina E.V. Stabilization of surface – and volume-distributed copper nanoparticles in an ion-exchange matrix. Journal of physical chemistry. 2015. vol. 89. no. 9. pp. 1436–1442. doi: 10.7868/S0044453715080178 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang M.S. Electrochemical characteristics of ion-exchange membranes coated with iron hydroxide/oxide and silica sol. J. Colloid and Interface Science. 2003. V. 273. №. 2. P. 523–532.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang M.S. Electrochemical characteristics of ion-exchange membranes coated with iron hydroxide/oxide and silica sol. J. Colloid and Interface Science. 2003. vol. 273. no. 2. pp. 523–532.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шельдешов Н.В., Заболоцкий В.И., Ганыч В.В. Влияние нерастворимых гидроксидов металлов на скорость реакции диссоциации воды на катионообменной мембране // Электрохимия. 1994. Т. 30. № 12. C. 1458–1461.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheldeshov N.V., Zabolotskiy V.I., Ganych V.V. Influence of insoluble metal hydroxides on the rate of water dissociation reaction on a cation-exchange membrane. Electrochemistry. 1994. vol. 30. no. 12. pp. 1458–1461 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мельников С.С., Шаповалова О.В., Шельдешов Н.В., Заболоцкий В.И. Влияние гидроксидов dметаллов на диссоциацию воды в биполярных мембранах // Мембраны и мембранные технологии. 2011. Т. 1. № 2. С. 149–156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnikov S.S., Shapovalova O.V., Sheldeshov N.V., Zabolotsky V.I. Influence of d-metal hydroxides on the dissociation of water in bipolar membranes. Membranes and membrane technologies. 2011.vol. 1. no. 2. pp. 149–156 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шельдешов Н.В., Заболоцкий В.И., Алпатова Н.В. Влияние гидроксидов тяжелых металлов на диссоциацию воды в биполярной мембране // Политематический сетевой электронный научный журн. Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. 2015. № 114. С. 275–287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheldeshov N.V., Zabolotskiy V.I., Alpatova N.V. Effect of heavy metal hydroxides on the dissociation of water in a bipolar membrane. Polythematic network electronic scientific journal. Kuban State Agrarian University. 2015. no. 114. pp. 275–287 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шельдешов Н.В., Заболоцкий В.И. Биполярные ионообменные мембраны. Получение. Свойства. Применение. В кн.: Мембраны и мембранные технологии. М.: Научный мир, 2013. 612 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheldeshov N.V., Zabolotskiy V.I. Bipolar ion-exchange membranes. Receiving. Properties. Application. In the book: Membranes and membrane technologies. M.: Scientific world. 2013.612 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozaderova O.A. Electrochemical characterization of an MB2 bipolar membrane modified by nanosizedchromium(III) hydroxide. Nanotechnologies in Russia. 2018. V. 13. №. 9–10. P. 508–515. doi:10.1134/S1995078018050075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozaderova O.A. Electrochemical characterization of an MB2 bipolar membrane modified by nanosizedchromium(III) hydroxide. Nanotechnologies in Russia. 2018. vol. 13. no. 9–10. pp. 508–515. doi:10.1134/S1995078018050075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buruga K., Song H., Shang J., Bolan N. et al. A review on functional polymer-clay based nanocomposite membranes for treatment of water // J. Hazard. Mater. 2019. V. 379. P. 120584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buruga K., Song H., Shang J., Bolan N. et al. A review on functional polymer-clay based nanocomposite membranes for treatment of water. J. Hazard. Mater. 2019. vol. 379. pp. 120584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caprarescu S., Ianchis R., Radu A. – L., Sarbu A. et al. Synthesis, characterization and efficiency of new organically modified montmorillonite polyethersulfone membranes for removal of zinc ions from wastewasters // Applied Clay Science. 2017. V. 137. №. 1. P. 135–142. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2016.12.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caprarescu S., Ianchis R., Radu A.–L., Sarbu A. et al. Synthesis, characterization and efficiency of new organically modified montmorillonite polyethersulfone membranes for removal of zinc ions from wastewasters. Applied Clay Science. 2017. vol. 137. no. 1. pp. 135–142. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2016.12.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hosseini S.M., Seidypoor A., Nemati M., Madaeni S.S. et al. Mixed matrix heterogeneous cation exchange membrane filled with clay nanoparticles: membranes’ fabrication and characterization in desalination process // Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination. 2016. V. 6. P. 290–300. doi:10.2166/wrd.2015.064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hosseini S.M., Seidypoor A., Nemati M., Madaeni S.S. et al. Mixed matrix heterogeneous cation exchange membrane filled with clay nanoparticles: membranes’ fabrication and characterization in desalination process. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination. 2016. vol. 6. pp. 290–300. doi:10.2166/wrd.2015.064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Radmanesh F., Rijnaarts T., Moheb A., Sadeghi M. et al. Enhanced selectivity and performance of heterogeneous cation exchange membranes through addition of sulfonated and protonated. Montmorillonite // Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2019. V. 553. №. 1. P. 658–670. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.100</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radmanesh F., Rijnaarts T., Moheb A., Sadeghi M. et al. Enhanced selectivity and performance of heterogeneous cation exchange membranes through addition of sulfonated and protonated. Montmorillonite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2019. vol. 553. no. 1. pp. 658–670. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.100</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng F., Peng Sh. Huang Ch, Xu T. Modifying bipolar membranes with palygorskite and FeCl3 // Journal of Membrane Science. 2008. V. 322. P. 122–127 doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng F., Peng Sh. Huang Ch, Xu T. Modifying bipolar membranes with palygorskite and FeCl3. Journal of Membrane Science. 2008. vol. 322. pp. 122–127. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусов П.Е., Покидько Б.В., Закусин С.В., Крупская В.В. Количественные методы определения содержания монтмориллонита в бентонитовых глинах // Георесурсы. 2020. T. 22. № 3. С. 38–47. doi:10.18599/grs.2020.3.38–47</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousov P.E., Pokidko B.V., Zakusin S.V., Krupskaya V.V. Quantitative methods for determining the content of montmorillonite in bentonite clays. Georesources. 2020. vol. 22. no. 3. pp. 38–47. doi: 10.185. doi:10.18599/grs.2020.3.38–47 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боева Н.М., Бочарникова Ю.И., Наседкин В.В. и др. Термический анализ – экспресс-метод оценки качественных и количественных характеристик природных и синтезированных органоглин // Российские нанотехнологии. 2013. Т. 8. № 3–4. С. 54–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boeva N.M., Bocharnikova Yu.I., Nasedkin V.V. et al. Thermal analysis – an express method for assessing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of natural and synthesized organoclays. Russian nanotechnologies. 2013. vol. 8. no. 3–4. pp. 54–57. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наседкин В.В., Демиденок К.В., Боева Н.М. и др. Органоглины. Производство и основные направления использования // Актуальные инновационные исследования: наука и практика. 2012. Т. 3. С. 1–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasedkin V.V., Demidenok K.V., Boeva N.M.and other Organoclays. Production and main directions of use. Actual innovative research: science and practice. 2012. vol. 3. pp. 1–19. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Березина Н.П., Кононенко Н.А., Дворкина Г.А., Шельдешов Н.В. Физико-химические свойства ионообменных материалов. Краснодар: Изд-во Кубан. гос. унта, 1999. 82с</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berezina N.P., Kononenko N.A., Dvorkina G.A., Sheldeshov N.V. Physicochemical properties of ion-exchange materials. Krasnodar, Publishing house Kuban. state un., 1999. 82 p. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zabolotskii V., Sheldeshov N., Melnikov S. Effect of cation-exchange layer thickness on electrochemical and transport characteristics of bipolar membranes // J. Appl. Electrochem. 2013. V. 43. №. 11. P. 1117–1129. doi:10.1007/s10800–013–0560–3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zabolotskii V., Sheldeshov N., Melnikov S. Effect of cation-exchange layer thickness on electrochemical and transport characteristics of bipolar membranes. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2013. vol. 43. no. 11. pp. 1117–1129. doi:10.1007/s10800–013–0560–3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Свойства мембран. URL:http://www.ralex.eu/Membrany/Uvod.aspx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Membrane properties. Available at:http://www.ralex.eu/Membrany/Uvod.aspx</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pat. № 5, US. Bipolar membrane and method for its production / Hanada F., Hirayama K., Ohmura N., Tanaka S. 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanada F., Hirayama K., Ohmura N., Tanaka S. Bipolar membrane and method for its production. Patent US, no. 5, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu R.Q., Xu T.W., Cheng Y.Y., Yang W.H. et al. Fundamental studies on the intermediate layer of a bipolar membrane. III. Effect of starburst dendrimer (PAMAM) on water dissociation at the interface of a bipolar membrane // J. Membr. Sci. 2004. V. 240. №. 1. P. 141–147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu R.Q., Xu T.W., Cheng Y.Y., Yang W.H. et al. Fundamental studies on the intermediate layer of a bipolar membrane. III. Effect of starburst dendrimer (PAMAM) on water dissociation at the interface of a bipolar membrane // J. Membr. Sci. 2004. vol. 240. no. 1. pp. 141–147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang M.S., Choi Y.J., Lee H.J., Moon S.H. Effects of inorganic substances on water splitting in ion-exchange membranes. I. Electrochemical characteristics of ion exchange membranes coated with iron hydroxide/oxide and silica sol // J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004. V. 273. №. 2. P. 523–532. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.01.050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang M.S., Choi Y.J., Lee H.J., Moon S.H. Effects of inorganic substances on water splitting in ion-exchange membranes. I. Electrochemical characteristics of ion exchange membranes coated with iron hydroxide/oxide and silica sol // J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004. vol. 273. no. 2. pp. 523–532. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.01.050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
