Individual sensitivity to physical exercise is considered a multifactorial phenomenon with a significant contribution from genetic determinants. This study systematizes data on genes influencing endurance, strength, recovery, and metabolic adaptation to training. The mechanisms of action of genes associated with the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system, muscle fiber structure, mitochondrial energy metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and angiogenesis are described. Variations in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene are shown to be associated with differences in endurance and speed-strength characteristics. Polymorphisms in genes encoding alpha-actinin, mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, and energy metabolism enzymes determine muscle fiber type, aerobic exercise efficiency, and fatigue levels. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between genetic variations and the body's nutritional needs. It has been shown that aerobic genotypes (for example, those with high UCP2/UCP3 expression or the C allele of the PPARD gene) are characterized by increased dependence on fat metabolism, while anaerobic variants (ACTN3 polymorphism, low AMPD1 activity) require increased carbohydrate and protein intake. Thus, genetic characteristics directly influence the priority selection of macronutrients for energy supply and recovery. The study also analyzes the risks associated with a genetic predisposition to metabolic disorders and overtraining and provides appropriate dietary recommendations for their minimization. The ethical aspects and potential consequences of the use of genetic technologies in sports are considered, including the risks of using growth genes and myostatin inhibitors for gene doping. The need for a strict distinction between therapeutic gene therapy and unacceptable performance-enhancing methods is emphasized. In conclusion, the feasibility of integrating genetic information for personalizing training programs and nutritional support is substantiated, which allows for increased adaptation efficiency, performance, and reduced health risks for athletes.

1. Guest N.S., VanDusseldorp T.A., Nelson M.T. et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021. vol. 18. no. 1. article 1. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4.

2. Maciejewska-Skrendo A., Chycki J., Cholewa J. et al. The influence of the differentiation of genes encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on energy metabolism and endurance performance. Nutrients. 2022. vol. 14. no. 24. article 5378. doi: 10.3390/nu14245378.

3. Barreto G., Freitas L.F., Gerosa-Neto J. et al. Caffeine, CYP1A2 genotype, and exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2024. vol. 56. no. 2. pp. 328–339. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003313.

4. Penggalih M.H.S.T., Solichah K.M., Niamila I. et al. Precision nutrition in sports science: an opinion on omics-based personalized nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2025. vol. 12. article 1324567.

5. Bıçakçı B., Özdemir S., Yılmaz A. Genetic determinants of endurance performance: a narrative review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024. vol. 25. no. 23. article 13041. doi: 10.3390/ijms252313041.

6. Kotsatyurk R.R. The influence of CYP1A2 –163C>A and ADORA2A 1976T>C polymorphisms on physiological effects and physical performance during caffeine intake: a systematic review. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences. 2022. no. 4. pp. 45–58. (in Russian).

7. Varillas-Delgado D., Gomez-Cabrera M.K., Viña J. Genetics and sports performance: current state and prospects. Antioxidants. 2022. vol. 11. no. 9. article 1741. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091741 (in Russian).

8. Asgari G., Rezazadeh A., Askari G. et al. The effect of genetic polymorphism on the response to vitamin D supplementation during long-term intake: a “gene-nutrient” interaction study. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022. vol. 9. article 872193. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.872193 (in Russian).

9. Bulgay D., Ozkan S., Demirkan E. Vitamin D receptor polymorphism (VDR rs2228570) and competitive performance of elite athletes. Healthcare. 2023. vol. 11. no. 4. article 522. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11040522 (in Russian).

10. Semenova E.A., Fuku N., Yastrzhembskiy Z. et al. Genes and sports performance: 2023 update. Genes. 2023. vol. 14. no. 5. article 1150. doi: 10.3390/genes14051150 (in Russian).

11. Lowery L.M., Joy J.M., Dudeck J.E. et al. Coffee and physical performance: the role of nutrigenetics and individual variability. Nutrients. 2023. vol. 15. no. 6. article 1398. doi: 10.3390/nu15061398 (in Russian).

12. Amaoui A., Al-Kasassbeh M., Al-Shorman A. Nutritional needs of athletes: a review of performance, recovery and health requirements. Nutrients. 2024. vol. 16. no. 2. article 312. doi: 10.3390/nu16020312 (in Russian).

13. Rahimi M.R., Kordi M.R., Fanaei H. ADORA2A gene polymorphism and acute caffeine intake: effects on hormonal and physiological responses. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2024. vol. 42. no. 3. pp. 245–253. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2291218 (in Russian).

14. Wang Z., Li Z., Zhang Y. Is the ergogenic effect of caffeine dependent on genotype? A meta-analysis of genetic moderators. Sports Medicine. 2024. vol. 54. no. 1. pp. 67–82.

15. Akhmetov I.I., Egorova E.S., Gabdrakhmanova L.Zh. Genomic predictors of physical activity and sports traits. Sports Medicine. 2024. vol. 54. no. 5. pp. 1031–1045

16. Della Guardia L., Codella R. The role of the UCP3 protein in regulating skeletal muscle energy metabolism and substrate selection. Metabolism. 2024. vol. 150. article 155755.

17. Gabdulkayum A., Akhmetov I.I., Zhumagulova S. VDR gene polymorphisms, vitamin D levels and injury predisposition in elite athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2025. vol. 65. no. 1. pp. 45–54.

18. Khrebto A.Yu., Kuzin A.I., Kamerer O.V. et al. Strategic horizons of personalized nutrition in sports. Uchenye Zapiski Universiteta Imeni P.F. Lesgafta. 2020. no. 9 (187). pp. 400–408. (in Russian).

19. Maksimycheva T.Yu., Kondratieva E.I., Popova V.M. Molecular-genetic bases of energy metabolism and human physical qualities. Research prospects. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2023. no. 9 (217). pp. 222–230. (in Russian).

20. Napolsky I.N., Popova P.V. Personalized nutrition for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases: opportunities and prospects. Russian Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022. vol. 2. no. 1. pp. 15–34. doi: 10.18705/2782-3806-2022-2-1-15-34 (in Russian)