Over the past two decades, biotechnology has emerged as a strategic sector, defining the competitiveness of national economies in healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing, and the environment. State industrial policy in this area has traditionally been based on the principles of stimulating research, supporting technology transfer, developing production capacity, and building human resources. However, in the context of increasing deglobalization, characterized by the fragmentation of global value chains, increased export controls, technological protectionism, and a revision of international cooperation models, traditional approaches to regulating the biotechnology industry are facing systemic limitations. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze current instruments of state industrial policy in the field of biotechnology, taking into account the transformative challenges of deglobalization. This article identifies their effectiveness, contradictions, and risks, and formulates substantiated conclusions for improving the strategic management of the industry. The study applies a comprehensive methodological approach combining institutional analysis, a comparative study of national strategies, and scenario modeling. It is shown that the new geopolitical and economic conditions require a transition from linear support models to adaptive, flexible mechanisms aimed at strengthening technological sovereignty, diversifying cooperative ties, developing sustainable national innovation ecosystems, and ensuring biosecurity. Practical proposals are formulated for modernizing regulatory instruments, including improving the legal framework, stimulating public-private partnerships, developing critical production competencies, and establishing new forms of selective international scientific and technological cooperation. Particular attention is paid to the balance between openness and the protection of strategic interests, as well as the need for accelerated development of human resources.

1. Baldwin R., Evenett S.J. Trade and Industrial Policy in the Age of Geoeconomics. CEPR/VoxEU, 2022. Available at: https://voxeu.org (accessed: 20.04.2026).

2. BIOSECURE Act: Public Law 119–60. U.S. Congress, signed December 18, 2025, as part of NDAA FY2026. Available at: https://www.congress.gov (accessed: 20.04.2026).

3. Bureau of Industry and Security. Controls on Laboratory Equipment (RIN 0694-AJ95). Federal Register. January 16, 2025. Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov (accessed: 20.04.2026).

4. CSIS. Understanding the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology Report. Washington: CSIS, 2025. Available at: https://www.csis.org (accessed: 20.04.2026).

5. Duke University Health Policy. Building a Resilient and Secure Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. November 2024. Available at: https://healthpolicy.duke.edu (accessed: 20.04.2026).

6. EC Joint Research Centre. The Global Landscape of Biotech Innovation: State of Play. March 2024. Available at: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu (accessed: 20.04.2026).

7. EFPIA. A Comparative Analysis of Biopharmaceutical Strategies in 10 Countries. Brussels: EFPIA, 2025.

8. European Commission. A new EU Bioeconomy Strategy for a sustainable Europe. Brussels, 2022; Updated Strategy, November 2025. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu (accessed: 20.04.2026).

9. European Commission. Biotech Act – COM(2025) 1022 final. December 16, 2025. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu (accessed: 20.04.2026).

10. Government of India. BioE3 Policy. August 2024; India BioEconomy Report 2025. Available at: https://www.india.gov.in (accessed: 20.04.2026).

11. Grand View Research. Biotechnology Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report, 2024–2030. 2024. Available at: https://www.grandviewresearch.com (accessed: 20.04.2026).

12. IMF. The Price of De-Risking: Reshoring and Friend-shoring Scenarios. IMF Working Paper. 2024. no. 122. Available at: https://www.imf.org (accessed: 20.04.2026).

13. Innovation Ecosystems and Technology Policy in High-Risk Sectors. Research Policy. 2022–2024. vol. 51–53.

14. Interfax. Size of Biotechnology Market in Russia. March 2025. Available at: https://www.interfax.ru (accessed: 20.04.2026) (in Russian).

15. Japan Bioeconomy Strategy. METI, Keidanren. June 2024. Available at: https://www.meti.go.jp (accessed: 20.04.2026).

16. Juhász R., Lane N., Rodrik D. The New Economics of Industrial Policy. Annual Review of Economics. 2024. vol. 16. pp. 213–242. doi: 10.1146/annurev-economics-081023-024638.

17. Korea Ministry of Health. Bio Korea 2025. National Bio Committee. January 2025. Available at: https://www.mohw.go.kr (accessed: 20.04.2026).

18. Mazzucato M. The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. London: Anthem Press, 2013.

19. Mazzucato M. The Inclusive Entrepreneurial State. Oxford Open Economics. 2024. vol. 3. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/ooec (accessed: 20.04.2026). doi: 10.1093/ooec/odae010.

20. Mazzucato M., Rodrik D. Industrial Policy with Conditionalities. UCL IIPP Working Paper. 2023. no. 2023–07. Available at: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/iipp (accessed: 20.04.2026).

21. MERICS. Lab Leader, Market Ascender: China's Rise in Biotechnology. Berlin: MERICS, 2024.

22. OECD. Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2025. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2025. doi: 10.1787/sti_outlook-2025-en.

23. Policy and Funding Trends in Global Biotechnology. Nature Biotechnology. 2021–2025. Available at: https://www.nature.com/nbt (accessed: 20.04.2026).

24. Precedence Research. Biotechnology Market Size to Hit USD 6.34 Trillion by 2035. Available at: https://www.precedenceresearch.com (accessed: 20.04.2026).

25. Stanford SETR. Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology Review. Stanford: Stanford Engineering Technology Review, 2025. Available at: https://setr.stanford.edu (accessed: 20.04.2026).

26. The White House. Executive Order 14081 on Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation. September 2022. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov (accessed: 20.04.2026).

27. UNCTAD. Trade and Development Report 2025: Fragmentation and Geopolitical Tensions. Geneva: United Nations, 2025.

28. WIPO. World Intellectual Property Indicators 2025: Highlights – Patents. Geneva: WIPO, 2025.

29. World Bank. Biotechnology for Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2021.

30. WTO. Global Value Chains Development Report 2025. Geneva: WTO, 2025.

31. National Project "Technological Support for Bioeconomy": approved in December 2024. Moscow, 2024. (in Russian).

32. On the Development of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Industry in the Russian Federation: State Program of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030. Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia. Moscow, 2021. (in Russian).

33. On Approval of the Strategy for the Development of Bioeconomy in the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 2072-r of August 12, 2020. Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2020. no. 34. art. 5612. (in Russian).

34. Projects in the field of biotechnology. Available at: https://poiskinvestorov.ru/projects-biotechnology-projects (accessed: 20.04.2026) (in Russian).