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Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies

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No 4 (2015)
View or download the full issue PDF (Russian)
https://doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2015-4

Processes and equipment for food industry

7-10 729
Abstract
The article shows the prospects of production in agriculture safflower seeds for food and extract biologically active components. The physicochemical composition of safflower, which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Safflower oil has a soothing and moisturizing effect, provides a barrier function of the skin, therefore, fatty oil is promising in terms of scientific evidence use in medical practice. In the article the task of developing a set of processes to extract oil from the seeds of safflower and effective use. The ways of processing safflower seed to obtain oil. It is the most productive and promising method for processing seeds of safflower scheme press extruder. Described compression step in the processing of safflower seeds scheme press extruder. Crucial processing technology safflower seeds have two fundamental rheological characteristics of viscosity and elasticity, which depend on the structure of the raw material, the molecular weight distribution, and processing conditions such as temperature, pressure and flow rate. The dependence of the density of its safflower cake moisture concluded that with humidity increase the particle density increases, due to the swelling of colloids grain. Furthermore, the dependence of shear stress and the effective viscosity versus shear rate, it is concluded that with increasing shear rate influence of temperature on the viscosity gradient weakens. The article shows the study of the prospects of the extrusion process in the presence of the ultrasound field and the creation of equipment that takes into account these properties. The use of ultrasound significantly reduces energy consumption and necessary to prevent the molding ion safflower seeds, improves product quality.
11-16 557
Abstract
Spray drying of solutions and suspensions is among the most common methods of producing a wide range of powdered products in chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries. For the drying of heat-sensitive materials, which is fully applicable to the distillery stillage filtrate continuous-flow type of contact of drying agent and the solution droplets is examined. Two-phase simulation method of computational hydrodynamics in a stationary state for studying the process of drying of the distillery stillage filtrate in the pilot spray dryer under the following assumptions was used. The components form an ideal mixture, the properties of which are calculated directly from the properties of the components and their proportions. The droplets were presented in spherical form. The density and specific heat of the solution and the coefficient of vapors diffusion in the gas phase remained unchanged. To solve the heat exchange equations between
the drying agent and the drops by the finite volume method the software package ANSYS CFX was used. The bind between the two phases was established by Navier-Stokes equations. The continuous phase (droplets of the distillery stillage filtrate) was described by the k-ε turbulence model. The results obtained showed that the interaction of "drop-wall" causes a significant change of velocity, temperature and humidity both of a drying agent and the product particles. The behavior of the particles by spraying, collision with walls and deposition of the finished product allowed to determine the dependence of physical parameters of the drying process, of the geometric dimensions of the dryer. Comparison of simulation results with experimental data showed satisfactory convergence of the results: for the temperature of the powder 10% its humidity of 12% and temperature of the spent drying agent at the outlet from the drier of 13%. The possibility of using the model in the spray dryers designing, and control of the drying process is shown.
17-21 591
Abstract
Food industry of Russia urgently needs both updating of the manufacturing units of equipment and the creation of new
high-tech and energy-saving technologies. Nowadays powdered food products and semifinished foods gained wide popularity in the market of foods and in manufacturing. Due to the caking and low wettability of fine powdered semi-finished products, there is an urgent need for modifying their properties by instanting. This article is devoted to the study of hygroscopic properties of powdered products and semifinished products: chicory extract, barley malt extract, kvass wort concentrate obtained by spray drying with an average dispersed composition of 10-20 microns, to find optimal conditions for packaging, storage and theoretical justification of the instanting process conditions. The article provides a diagram of experimental device for the study of hygroscopic properties of food powdered semi-finished products by accelerated method with the creation of the fluidized bed and the required temperature and humidity characteristics of fluidizing agent. The principles of operation of the device and methods of the experiment carrying out are given. The results are given in the form of sorption isotherms, by which monomolecular poly-molecular and capillary forms of binding of moisture with the test products and semi-finished products are determined. Theoretical nomogram to determine the binding energy of the moisture with the semi-finished products is given. Mathematical dependences of equilibrium humidities in the studied powdered products and semi-finished products on the air relative humidity in the range of 15 to 85 % at a temperature 22 ˚C were obtained. Optimal humidity properties of the resulting products for their production and subsequent storage and for the instanting processes were determined.
22-27 616
Abstract
Possibilities of implementing of new approaches in the modeling and design of technological equip-ment and machines for food production are considered in the article. One of the motives for the crea-tion of such methods is the "Resource saving" of technological equipment developers intellectual work. Possibilities of implementing of such approaches are largely due to the successes in the field of neuro-computers, allowing to some extent to simulate intelligent processes of the human brain that allows you to use not only the original data to create a new model of equipment but a developer's existing experi-ence in this field in solving the tasks given. Such methods are of particular relevance for the develop-ment of equipment for food productions. But often it is due to poor "number" of certain parameters specified in designing. The method used for simulation allows analysis in a subjective evaluation of empirical data and the absence of a clear numerical form of the result, which is typical in development of new food types. Especially clearly the advantages of these systems are shown in designing multi-component food products, where the uncertainty of input and output parameters is high, and quality is assessed by sensory analysis. The advantage of the model is also the possibility of its obtaining in the selection of a minimum set of regularities. Due to the absence of necessity of precise data input, the time required for the simulation is sharply reduced. Application of of fuzzy logic device allows to im-prove the quality of objects management, to determine the optimal ratio of prescription components in designing of new types of multi-component products and to reduce the number of production tests. The results of preliminary analytical simulation of the object being designed are often useful in the ap-plication of the proposed methods. The experience of such methods application in the saturator designing for food liquids saturation with carbon dioxide was studied.
28-31 732
Abstract
The line is intended for processing of fruit and vegetable raw materials and receiving dried apples, pears, carrots, pumpkins and the fruit-and-vegetable of chips. The line solves problems of improvement of quality of a ready-made product and thermal production efficiency due to more rational alternation of the technological modes of a moisture increment and dehumidification with high extent of use of an energy potential of the heat carrier, use of the inert heat carrier (steam) identical by the form for technological thermal processes, decrease in specific energy consumption and metal consumption, and also an intensification of moisture evaporation and creation of the compact multipurpose technological line for production of fruit and vegetable products with the expanded range. The technological production line of dried apples, pears, carrots, pumpkin and fruit and vegetable chips contains the jet washer, the inspection conveyor, the size grader, the car for removal of a seed nest and the device are sharp fruits and vegetables on plates, the sulfiter, the dryer and the packing automatic packing machine. Thus the line contains the combined toroidal device for heatmoisture of handling continuous action divided into sections: section of heating of raw materials, section of convective drying, section of preliminary hydration, which is located between microwave drying sections, and the section of cooling of the dried-up product intended for bringing a product to final readiness. The equipment complex from the drum car with the washing block and multipurpose installation with crushing of raw materials and office of sunflower seeds taking into account raw materials type is provided in lines. Are used recirculation a contour, the heating of the initial raw material fulfilled after drying of pairs and a condensate in the closed contour for creation energy-saving of the "know-how" of a ready product. The line represents modular blocks and is recustomized depending on a type of the received dried apples, pears, pumpkins or the fruit-and-vegetable of chips on the basis of the developed resource-saving scheme and the combined convection-microwave-drying drying of raw material.
32-37 545
Abstract
In the study of the current state of the theory, techniques and technologies for processing of milk thistle showed up a
number of problems. One of those moments - the need to promptly provide quality and efficient process for drying seeds, but Russia has not produced special equipment for postharvest processing of seeds of milk thistle, and used for drying grain domestic appliances, represented mainly by mining and drum dryers, it is not suitable for thistle. This is due to the fact that, firstly, in the dewatering process is necessary to provide a relatively low final moisture drying product (5-6 %), and, secondly, to keep their beneficial substance in full, which imposes additional restrictions on the conditions of drying. One way of creating a new drying technology development and implementation in the industry of high-intensive devices with active hydrodynamic regimes with microwave energy supply, providing in many cases, higher technical and economic indicators. Therefore, the use of devices with swirling flow of heat-carrier for the intensification of the process of drying of dispersed materials is both theoretical interest and practical value. Microwave drying is based on the fact that the
dielectric properties of water and dry food substances are different: the wet material is heated much faster than dry. During the microwave drying temperature wetter internal layers higher than the exterior more dehydrated (which creates a "right" - from the inner to the outer layers of the product - the gradient of moisture mass transfer is not realizable in any of the other known methods of drying). Milk thistle seeds have a unique composition: 25-32 % fatty oil, 15-17 % protein, 26 % fat, in the-soluble (B group) and fat-soluble (A, D, E, K, F) vitamins, mono- and disaccharides, macro- and trace elements (copper, zinc, selenium), dietary fiber and enzymes, mucus, up to 5 % (glucose, etc.), phenolic compounds including flaviolignans 2-3% (silibinin, silychristin, silydianin, and others. ), with nitrogen-compound: betanin, resins, 0.1 % essential oils and other substances. Fatty oil comprises linoleic – 52-62 %, oleic – 18-25 % and myristic, palmitic, stearic, behenic, arahinoic acid, tocopherols. Products of the seeds of thistle beneficial effect on metabolism, increase the body's resistance to various diseases, have anti-allergic and detoxifying properties.
38-42 479
Abstract
Starch hydrolysis is main technological process in production of starch sweeteners. Acid hydrolysis of starch using
hydrochloric acid is carried out very fast but it does not allow to carry out full hydrolysis and to produce products with given carbohydrate composition. Bioconversion of starch allows to eliminate these limitations. At production of starch sweeteners from starch using enzymes starch hydrolysis is carried out in two stages At first starch – starch liquefaction the rapid increase of viscosity takes place which requires intensive mixing. Liquefying station consists of jet-cooker, holder, pressure regulator and evaporator. Jet-cooker of starch is its main part, starch is quickly turns into soluble (gelatinized) state and it is partially liquefied by injection of starch suspension by flow of water vapor under pressure not less than 0,8 MPa. Heat and hydraulic calculation were carried out in order to determine constructive sizes of mixer for cooking of starch. The main hydraulic definable parameters are pressure drop in mixer, vapor pressure at mixer inlet, daily capacity of station by glucose syrup M, product consumption (starch suspension), diameter of inlet section of vapor nozzle. The goal of calculation was to determine vapor consumption M1, diameter d2 of outlet section of confuser injector, length l2 of gelatinization section. For heat calculation there was used Shukhov’s formula along with heat balance equation for gelatinization process. The numerical solution obtained with adopted assumptions given in applied mathematical package
MATHCAD, for M = 50 t/day gives required daily vapor consumption M1 = 14,446 т. At hydraulic calculation of pressure drop in mixer there was used Bernoulli’s theorem. Solving obtained equations using MATHCAD found diameter of outlet section of consufer d2 = 0,023 м, vapor pressure inside of mixer p2 = 3,966·105 Па, l2 = 0,128 м. Developed method of calculation is used to determine constructive sizes of jet-cooker of continuously operated starch saccharification process of any capacity.
43-47 493
Abstract
The scheme for economy of electric energy during the work for an example of a grain thrower of the ZME 60 type (Voronezh Region, Semiluki) on grain flows in rural economy is offered. Grain thrower can carry out the following technological operations: loading of grain in vehicles; loading and unloading of grain stores; mechanical shoveling of grain on the open areas; separation of grain with office of light impurity. In the scheme the relay 3UG3521/22t (SIEMENS firm) is used. The relay can carry out multipurpose protection of engines and comprises the relay of the maximum current, the relay of the minimum current, a timer and the index relay. Temporary charts of the relay 3UG3521/22t are provided in the mode "without preservation" and in the mode with "preservation" for the OVER functions (reaction to growth of current) and the UNDER function (reaction to recession of current). Use of the relay 3UG3521/22t allowed to receive protection
at long start-up of electric motors, at an overload of electric motors, when idling (for economy of electric energy due to automatic shutdown of the conveyor) and at break or jamming of the conveyor. Besides, in the scheme it is offered the multipurpose relay of tension (the relay of control of phases) for protection of three engines of a grain thrower at not full-phase modes of a power line. The economy of electric energy can be received in case of, for example, the late actions of the operator for timely shutdown of the engine of a self-feed upon transition of a grain thrower to idling. In practice transition of a grain thrower to the mode of idling is quite often possible in process of reduction of amount of the thrown grain on a platform before a grain thrower. In practice transition of a grain thrower to the mode of idling is quite often possible in process of reduction of amount of the thrown grain on a platform before a grain thrower. The offered electric circuit can be used in the grain thrower and grain loaders in temporary warehouses, granaries and open grain flows.
48-52 656
Abstract
We consider a one-dimensional steady flow of highly viscous medium in a cylindrical channel with Dissipation and dependence of the viscosity on the temperature. It is assumed that a relatively small intervals of temperature variation of the dynamic viscosity with a sufficient degree of accuracy can be assumed to be linear. The model was based on the equations of hydrodynamics and the heat transfer fluid. In the task channel wall temperature is assumed constant. An approximate solution of the problem, according to which the distribution of velocity, pressure and temperature is sought in the form of an expansion in powers of the dimensionless transverse coordinates. A special case, when the ratio of the velocity distribution, pressure and temperature is allowed to restrict the number of terms in the expansion as follows: for speed - the first 3 to the pressure - the first two for the temperature - the first 5. The expressions to determine the temperature profile of the medium in the channel and characterization dissipative heating. To simulate the process of heat transfer highly viscous media developed a program for personal electronic computers. The calculation was performed
using experimental research data melt flow grain mixture of buckwheat and soybeans for the load speed of 0.08 mm / s. The method of computer simulation carried out checks on the adequacy of the solutions to the real process of heat transfer. Analysis of the results indicates that for small values of the length of the channel influence dissipation function appears mainly at the wall. By increasing the reduced length of this phenomenon applies to all section of the channel. At high temperature profile along the channel length is determined entirely by dissipation. In the case of heat transfer due to frictional heat only, the form of curves of temperature distribution is a consequence of the interaction effects of heating due to viscous shear effects cooling by conduction. The deviation from the experimental data calculated by the absolute value does not exceed 12%.

Information technologies, modeling and management

53-60 533
Abstract
We describe the typical stages of a structural typology of devices allowing them to design quality in the automatic mode on the known parameters of products (parts) and the required processing operations with them. In the first stage classification it was organized as a piece of specific products and devices for the manipulation of the latter. Specifics items described their physical – mechanical properties, geometry and their application. The most frequently described specific products are used in pharmaceutical, perfume, food, microelectronics, electrical engineering, electronics. The main elements of the proposed device is a carrier working surface over which a thin layer of gas is created. Depending on the position (horizontal or vertical) of the form of its movement (rotation, rotational – translational) or is stationary, and the configuration of the carrier operating the surface implement various manufacturing operations (targeting, positioning, shaping, classification, transport, heat treatment, weight control, assembly, culling, and others). The second stage was to mathematically describe the relationship of the specificity of piece goods, with design features of devices supporting the work surface and sold them operations. For this purpose, the device has been used in discrete mathematics, with which you can produce a description of all types of devices, and then make a conclusion such as the work surface meets the specified requirements. The apparent advantage of using predicate logic to this problem is fairly simple implementation of the algorithm of structural typology, which can be expressed using a declarative programming language. In the third phase, work is underway to create the necessary algorithmic language program "Prolog" and presented the structure of the imperative and declarative implementation of the algorithm.
61-65 718
Abstract
When welding domestic and imported alloys with argonarc welding, unexplored material properties are formed in the weld, there is no information about the mechanical properties of welded joints, their continuity and uniformity. One of the most important criteria for working capacity of any construction is a strength of the whole structure and its individual elements. As a comparative characteristics that evaluates the strength of the materials we use tensile strength, that is, the tension corresponding to the greatest efforts preceding the rupture of the sample under static mechanical tests. Tests to identify the ultimate tensile strength of sheet welded joints were carried out on a universal testing machine Inspekt-50.
In the course of studies there was defined tensile strength of welded constructions, obtained by fusing domestic and imported sheet hire materials. Tensile strength of the welded structure is determined by the characteristics of the least durable material in a pair of connected, which corresponds to conclusions made in the analytical review. When testing it was observed that the destruction of all samples made of combination of dissimilar materials occurred at the base of the weakest metal in the combination. The destruction of the weld was not fixed. The results obtained can be used in the design of welded constructions composed of parts made of domestic and imported materials. However, it is impossible to judge the working capacity of welded pipes of integrated air conditioning and anti-icing aircraft systems by tensile strength only. Subsequently, it is necessary to carry out tests on low-cycle fatigue and assess the strength of the welded ring joints under the action of static and pulsating internal pressure.
66-71 520
Abstract
The problem of optimization of food additives in compounding of sausages for elimination of defects in meat raw materials at production management is considered in article. The mathematical problem definition and algorithm of its decision is offered. Formally the task is classified as a combinatory problem of integer linear programming which purpose is providing a set functional and technological and the taste of the final product at the minimum cost of unit of mass offood additives. The offered algorithm of the decision realizes a method of step-by-step creation of the decision with elimination of the unpromising options defined on the basis of recurrence relations. An example of determining the optimal set of food additives for the production of a particular case, when the recipe sausage "Stolichnaya" contains large amounts of fat-containing raw materials. To solve the problem of binding and emulsifying oily materials, as shown in the article are necessary supplements which together would contain: phosphate (pH regulator, water-retaining agent), antioxidant, emulsifier, thickener, gelling agent, animal protein (filler), coloring agent retainer color, flavor intensifier. For example, it was presented with a set of six different food additives with their technological and functional properties of flavor and cost. It was necessary to determine which of these to include in the food additives formulated so as to on the
one hand they ultimately comprise a predetermined set of specified properties, and on the other - of the total cost was minimal. Solving this problem with the use of the considered algorithm was found the optimal set of food additives, which completely cover the set. This kit contains all the necessary ingredients for the task, and their total cost is minimal, unlike other possible combinations. The algorithm is realized in program system "MultiMeat Expert" in system of support of decision-making.
72-75 504
Abstract
Recently for the study of conflict increasingly used method of mathematical optical modeling. Its importance stems from the fact that experimental research such conflicts rather time-consuming and complex. However, existing approaches to
the study of conflict do not take into account the stochastic nature of the systems, suffers from conceptual incompleteness. There is a need to develop models, algorithms and principles, in order to assess the conflict, to choose conflict resolution to ensure that not the worst of conditions. For stochastic technological systems as a utility function, we consider the probability of achieving a given objective. We assume that some system S1 is in conflict with the system S2, (SR2R К SR1R), if q(SR1R,SR2R)
76-79 727
Abstract
Equipments of collecting and information transfer, electronic computer facilities have high cost: specific weight of costs of
technical means in the general expenses on creation of the information management system makes to 60 – 70 %. Therefore improvement of maximum efficiency of the information management system requires creation of a technical complex at the minimum costs of its transformation, installation and operation that causes need of a choice of optimum option of technical means from among the possible. Definition of criteria of comparison and a choice of optimum option is an important problem of creation of complex technical providing the information management system. One of features of complex technical providing is its relative conservatism in comparison with other parts of the information management system (algorithms of functioning, regulatory base, functions of structural divisions, etc.) which develop and undergo essential changes in process of improvement of the information management system. The complex of technical means allows, as a rule, in the course of evolution of the information management system only quantitative changes, building, but not change of the general structure. In order that the information management system worked effectively, it has to built from calculation that can pass from 5 to 10 years after the system was for the first time offered. Thus, from that, the structure and parameters of complex technical providing is how successfully chosen, in essential degree survivability, efficiency and ability to evolution of the information management system in general depends. The aspiration to reduce terms of creation and introduction of the information management system results in need of shift of development of questions of complex technical providing on early design stages of the information management system and causes the iterative character of the solution of problems of complex technical providing consisting in consecutive specification of structure and parameters of complex technical providing at later development stages of system in process of specification and specification of other subsystems of the information management system.
80-84 648
Abstract
The article presents the list of facilities and necessary procedures to protect against threats of violation of information
availability in terms of exposure to malware in ICT systems and principles conceptual design of mechanisms, antivirus protection, implemented in the form of a component of a software complex for protection of information. This development allows us to formulate the principles of conceptual design of mechanisms, antivirus protection, implemented in the form of a component of a complex of software tools of information security. Special this valuable development for the implementation of procedures for the management of complex organizationaltechnical systems. Streamlining usually has one or any combination of the following objectives (attitudes): rationality, efficiency, improvement of the system. The aim of good governance (e.g. anti-malware) is the preservation of the existing structure and system parameters under certain constraints (e.g., constraints on computing resources). If you cannot provide the management on a rational basis, it becomes necessary to change the parameters (parametric synthesis) or search for and select the set of admissible structures effective on the criteria of structure (structural synthesis). Note that in this case we are talking about effectiveness for a given period of time, as social and scientific progress inevitably lead to a change of criteria effectiveness evaluation.
85-92 685
Abstract
Formulation of the problem: the spectrum of problems solved by modern mobile systems such as Android is constantly growing. This is because on the one hand by the potential opportunities that are implemented in hardware, as well as their
integration with modern information technologies, which in turn harmoniously complement and create powerful ardware and software information systems, capable of performing many functions, including pro- information boards. Increasing the flow of information, complexity of the processes and of the hardware and software component devices such as Android, forcing developers to create new means of protection, efficiency and qualitative performing the process. This is especially important in the development of automated systems instrumental performing classification (clustering) of existing software into two classes: safe and malicious software. The aim is to increase the reliability and quality of recognition of modern built-in security of information, as well as the rationale and the selection methods of carrying out these functions. The methods used are: to accomplish the goals are analyzed and used classical methods of classification, neural network method based on standard architectures, and support vector machine (SVM - machine). Novelty: The paper presents the concept of the use of support vector in identifying deleterious software developed methodological, algorithmic and software that implements this concept in relation to the means of mobile communication. Result: The obtained qualitative and quantitative characteristics-security software. Practical value: the technique of development of advanced information security systems in mobile environments such as Android. It presents an approach to the description of behavioral malware (based on the following virus: none - wakes - Analysis of weaknesses - the action: a healthy regime or attack (threat)).
93-97 456
Abstract
In this work the general ideas of a method of V. I. Skurikhin taking into account the specified features develop and
questions of the analysis and synthesis of a complex of technical means, with finishing them to the level suitable for use in engineering practice of design of information management systems are in more detail considered. In work the general system approach to the solution of questions of a choice of technical means of the information management system is created, the general technique of the system analysis and synthesis of a complex of the technical means and its subsystems providing achievement of extreme value of criterion of efficiency of functioning of a technical complex of the information management system is developed. The main attention is paid to the applied party of system researches of complex technical providing, in particular, to definition of criteria of quality of functioning of a technical complex, development of methods of the analysis of information base of the information management system and definition of requirements to technical means, and also methods of structural synthesis of the main subsystems of complex technical providing. Thus, the purpose is research on the basis of system approach of complex technical providing the information management system and development of a number of methods of the analysis and the synthesis of complex technical providing suitable for use in engineering practice of design of systems. The well-known paradox of development of management information consists of that parameters of the system, and consequently, and requirements to the complex hardware, can not be strictly reasonable to development of algorithms and programs, and vice versa. The possible method of overcoming of these difficulties is prognostication of structure and parameters of complex hardware for certain management information on the early stages of development, with subsequent clarification and working out in detail of them as far as development and clarification of other subsystems of management information, i.e. decision of questions of development of complex hardware in the conditions of incompleteness of data about the infobase of the system.

Food biotechnology

98-103 721
Abstract
Experimental results of antioxidant activity of berry liqueurs prepared by the method of ultrasonic extraction in comparison with liqueurs, obtained by the traditional method are presented in the article. Blackberries and cranberries, characterized by a high content of antioxidants were chosen as the research subjects. Ultrasonic extraction method with which cranberry and blackberry liqueurs were prepared was studied in terms of the given experimental work. An extractor with submersible ultrasonic transducer was used as an experimental device. The process was carried out in the frequency range of 20 - 20.5 kHz at 20-22о С. In accordance with the traditional technology of preparation of berry liqueur cranberry and blueberry were kept for a long-term (more than 2 months) in 40% ethanol solution at a ratio of berries to extractant of 1: 5. Ultrasonic extraction involves brief contact of berries and extractant (up to 15 minutes) with the application of ultrasonic vibrations. Operating parameters of extraction were determined experimentally in the research process. With the increase in exposure time, the yield of biologically active substances increases to reach an equilibrium state corresponding to the most complete raw materials depletion. The optimum extraction time during which the maximum possible transfer of solids in the extract occurs was determined. Ultrasonic extraction method can significantly reduce the processing time and provide a more complete extraction of substances. Diffusion boundary layer is disrupted, the penetration of the extractant in the material is improved during the application of ultrasonic waves. All this leads to a significant acceleration of transition of the active ingredients from the raw material into extractant and to obtaining a product with antioxidant activity greater than the traditional product by 2 times.
104-108 632
Abstract
The article discusses the development of whipped bakery products enriched with dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins retinol, tocopherol, group, polyunsaturated fatty acids through the use of rye and wheat bran and flour of wholegrain wheat. The main raw material for enrichment whipped bakery products used wheat bran and rye. Choice of rye and wheat bran as supplementation prepared whipped bread is explained not only from the point of view of the rationality of the use of
this secondary raw materials, but also its rich vitamin and mineral composition. Wheat bran contain the necessary man of b
vitamins, including B1, B2, B6, PP and others. Found provitamin a (carotene) and vitamin E (tocopherol). Bran is rich in mineral substances. Among them potassium, magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper, selenium and other trace elements. Thanks to this composition bran are essential dietary product. They are rich in insoluble fiber and can be useful to reduce the risk of developing colon cancer. Rye bran contain dietary fiber, tocopherol E, thiamin B1, Riboflavin B2, Pantothenic acid B5, B4 (choline, nicotinic acid B3, etc. In the bran rich set of microelements and macroelements such as iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, iodine, selenium, chromium, etc. the Introduction in the diet, bran rye contribute to the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, diabetes and anemia. They restore blood pressure, reduce blood sugar levels and improve the cardiovascular system. Flour from wholegrain wheat is the main supplier of bread protein and starch, while preserving the maximum of the original nutritional value of the grain, enriched whipped bread macro - and micronutrients. The analysis of the chemical composition of flour from wholegrain wheat, rye and wheat bran leads to the conclusion that the choice of these types of materials suitable for making the recipe whipped bakery products, because their use can increase the content in bread is not only the main nutrients of food, but also vitamins, minerals and biologically active. In the work of the established mathematical relationship and causality between technological parameters of dough and whipped bread and their quality. Defined rational dosing rye and wheat bran in technology enriched whipped bread flour wholegrain wheat.
109-115 488
Abstract
The definition of feed nutrients assumes the following: assessment of its chemical composition; estimate of the amount contained therein of digestible nutrients; estimate of the amount of energy released by them. We estimate the chemical composition of the components of the indices, which balanced diet. This seemingly simple requirement is not always fulfilled. In the practice of forage production are cases when during the chemical analysis of the finished feed is a discrepancy between the estimated and actual nutritional value, and with the same probability of deviation from the declared value of both in one and in the other direction. The database of contemporary programs for compiling feed rations contained digestibility coefficients of nutrients for all types of raw materials for all kinds of animals from the program of special factors, allow to balance feed rations on digestibility of nutrients and energy value component count. The paper proposes a mathematical tool for assessing the margin of variation of content of biologically active substances in the party regarding the premix recipe data. The reasons for the variations are considered random error methods of quantitative chemical analysis of biologically active substances (BAS) and random error estimates of the masses of carriers of active substances when they are dosed into the mixer.
116-119 701
Abstract
Nowadays the development of new food products is paid much attention in the food industry. These include also bakery products with lactic starter cultures which contain live microorganisms, vitamins of group B: B1, B2, B6, B12, B9, vitamins A, C, E, folic acid. In this article the technological aspects of the probiotic bacterial concentrate "Immunolakt" in the manufacture of bakery products were studied. The experimental product was developed on the basis of traditional technology taking into account the properties of the introduced additives to correct some technological parameters. The research resulted in the development of technology of bakery products with the introduction of probiotic bacterial concentrate "Immunolakt.". To develop the recipes of dough products probiotic bacterial concentrates "Immunolakt" at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% was used instead of a part of yeast in the recipe. Comparative studies of the microstructure of bakery products crumb with the addition of probiotic bacterial concentrate "Immunolakt" and the reference sample were carried out. The content of the probiotic bacterial concentrate of 40% and 60% promoted the formation of a more uniform pore structure and reduction in the number ruptures along their perimeter. Safety indicators of reference and test samples were determined. The number of bacteria of reference and experimental samples of bakery products are in the normal range. The number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in the test samples is less than in the reference one. Qualimetric evaluation of the quality of finished products was carried out. The developed products are of high organoleptic quality indexes, they are physically and chemically stable, with enhanced nutritional value. Products with the introduction of probiotic bacterial concentrate allow to expand the range of functional orientation bakery products. The use of probiotic bacterial concentrates allows to adjust the course of the technological process, to form the specific properties of the dough and to improve the finished products quality.
120-124 781
Abstract
Traditionally rice and products of its processing are used to cook porridge, pilaf, lettuce, confectionery, fish, dairy and meat products. At the same time new ways of its processing with releasing of protein products for more effective using, including the use of a glutenfree diet, are developing. The task of this study was a comparative research of nutrition and biological value and functional properties of protein and protein-calcium concentrates produced from rice flour milled from white and brown rice. The traditional and special methods were used. Concentrates were isolated with enzyme preparations of xylanase and amylolytic activity with the next dissolution of protein in diluted hydrochloric acid. Concentrates differed in the content of mineral substances (calcium, zinc, iron and other elements), amino acids and functional properties. The values of the functional properties and indicators of the nutritional value of concentrates from white rice show the advisability of their using in food products, including gluten-free products prepared on the basis of the emulsion and foam systems, and concentrates from brown rice in food products prepared on the basis of using of the emulsion systems. Protein concentrates of brown rice have a low foaming capacity and there is no foam stability at all.
125-128 498
Abstract
Currently an increasing interest in veterinary specialists raise funds to improve productivity and resistance of productive
animals. Special attention should be paid to the therapeutic and prophylactic use most close to natural and environmentally friendly veterinary drugs. They will allow physiological correction of the pathology of farm animals and at the same time will ensure that no animal products are harmful to human health drug metabolites. The results of experimental studies and field tests suggest that immune modulators for wide implementation in practice of industrial livestock and poultry. This is a cost-effective and will significantly improve the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the resulting animal products. Immunomodulators are safe in Toxicological terms and possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. Addition of immunomodulators on the immune system of farm animals favorable effect of humic drugs. They enhance the quality of young animals, reduce the incidence of birth and postpartum pathology breeding stock, increase average daily gain of animals beef cattle productivity, increasing egg production in poultry, increase resistance and preservation of animals of different species and different technological groups. Immunomodulators enhance immunity, increase the activity of the cellular and humoral immunity, reduce the amount of products of lipid peroxidation and increase the activity of enzymes-antioxidants, have a regulating effect on system of a hemopoiesis, normalize synthetic and detoxification of the liver.

Fundamental and Applied chemistry, chemical technology

129-134 558
Abstract
Aminotransferases (transaminases) catalyze intermolecular transfer of an amino group from amino acids on ketoacids, and
as a coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate which carries out a role of an intermediate acceptor of an amino group serves in this reaction. For example, an alaninaminotransferase (AlAT) catalyzes reaction of transamination between alanine and α-ketoglutaric acid. Kinetic parameters of an alaninaminotransferase of potatoes are determined by Lineweaver-Burk plot: Km = 0.298 mmol/l, Vmax = 0.0151 µmol/min. The reduction of enzyme reaction rate under high concentration of a substrate was revealed. As extent of conversion of a substrate in a product doesn't exceed in our conditions 1%, it speaks about the phenomenon of inhibition by substrate. Using the assumption of formation of an inactive bisubstrate complex,, we analysed the corresponding kinetic scheme for uncompetitive inhibition where the role of inhibitor plays a substratum, removed the equation Miсhaelis-Menten and Linewiever-Burk for this case and by differentiation defined the provision of a point of an extremum on Linewiever-Burk plot: : Ki = [S]2 min / Km. It allowed to calculate an inhibition constant a substratum which is Ki = 0.428 mmol/l.
135-139 533
Abstract
The possibility of potassium fluoride microphase application as a modifier of a piezoelectric quartz crystal resonator, which is selective to vapour of based volatile organic compounds in the presence of water vapour, is studied. As an additional progressive impact on the system to increase the sensitivity of the microbalance, it is suggested to form the modifier layers of different thickness (mass). It is founded out that the increase in mass of potassium fluoride microphase changes the sensitivity of the sensor to selected analytes vapour differently. Unlike other substances investigated, amines are adsorbed by the surface of potassium fluoride coating without penetrating into the meso- and micropores. The polarity of analytes, the presence of hydrated functional groups and the residual solvent in the microphase affect the sensitivity of the microbalance in a greater degree. For detecting the vapour of alkylamines and monoethanolamine in gas environment it is preferable to use the sensor with a low-mass potassium fluoride film. In order to reduce the detection limit of the microbalance of mixed vapour of ketones and alkylacetates, a high-mass potassium fluoride film is recommended. Kinetic "visual prints" of a set of two sensors responses with different-mass potassium fluoride microphases have been built and divided into three groups. It is established that geometric form of "visual prints" of sensor responses does not depend on the concentration of substances in the mixture, but their area does. Kinetic "visual print" of sensor responces in monoethanol-amine vapour differs greatly from others. A new kinetic identification parameter A is proposed and calculated for all investigated analytes. A method of high-selective detection of monoethanolamine vapour has been proposed by a set of two sensors with different-mass coating in gas mixtures as well as in various samples containing it.
140-142 483
Abstract
A number of studies on heat buildup in tire rubber surface scan method samples using a thermal imaging camera. Investigated the exothermic chemical reaction mechanical destruction rubber when loading designs permanent cyclic stretching with deformation of the working zone 50%. Percentage of deformation of the working zone was chosen on the basis of the actual data on the stretch-compression zone "Rusk" tires, which is the maximum level difference of deformation during run-in. Experiment plan provided for periodic relaxation samples of at least 72 hours for more accurate simulation of operation process of structural products. Created and processed data on temperature changes in samples for bar and line profile for rubber compounds with the introduction of nanomodifiers (fulleren technical carbon) in comparison with the control sample without him. The data obtained reflect the nature of heat depending on the composition of the compound. Identified common patterns of thermal nature of physico-chemical process mechanical destruction rubbers. For rubber with nanomodifikatorom there has been an increase in the temperature interval reaction
from a minimum to a maximum 2 degrees that is also linked to the rise in the average temperature of the reaction on the histogram also at 2-3 degrees of deformation under the same conditions and the level of cyclic loading. However, the temperature in the control sample that is associated with the beginning of the formation of hardened rubber structures, economies of Mallinz-Petrikeev, occurs with delay twice compared with modified Fullerenes. Measurement of physic-mechanical indicators selected in the course of testing of samples showed the beginning of formation of structure with increased strength of samples in the sample temperature zone that corresponds to the thermal effect of èndotermičeskomu recombination reactions of macromolecules.
143-149 582
Abstract
A new approach has been proposed for rapid and easy evaluation of a indicator of quality and properties of natural water - soluble salt content (mineralization). The method of quartz crystal microbalance is employed at load of the mass-sensitive resonator electrode (BAW-type) with investigated water. The degree of correlation between the various indicators related to the contents of salts and insoluble compounds and the level of mineralization obtained by the standard method (gravimetry) has been studied. A procedure for salt weighing by single sensor at unilateral load with small sample of natural water has been developed. The optimal conditions for measurement is established using the design of experiment by model 23 . The possibilities of quartz crystal microbalance for determination of non-volatile compounds in the water are described. The calibration of piezosensor is produced by standard solution NaCl (c = 1.000 g / dm3) at optimal conditions of experiment. The adequacy and accuracy of proposed technique is assessed by the correlation between the results of quartz crystal microbalance and conductometry. The correlation between indicators of mineralization established by quartz crystal microbalance and gravimetry is found. It has been obtained an equation that can be used to calculate the standard indicator of the mineralization by the results of a quartz crystal microbalance using single sensor. The approaches to enhance the analytical capabilities of the developed technique for water with low and high mineralization are proposed. The metrological characteristics of quartz crystal microbalance of insoluble compounds in natural water are estimated. A new technique of determination of the mass concentration of the dry residue in water with a conductivity of 0.2 mS or above has been developed, which can be used for rapid analysis of the water at nonlaboratory conditions and in the laboratory for rapid obtaining the information about a sample.
150-155 519
Abstract
The static model of the hydroselection column that describes the concentration variation of the main components was proposed. The purpose of this work is an optimization of the shared mixture input-position and evaluation of efficiency of the digestion and the impurity compound concentration during the epuration process. To this end, the author developed a static model of epuration columns, which allows to reveal the dependence of the degree of digestion and the degree of concentration of the main impurities in the column of the number of plates in each of these parts. It’s proved that with the increasing of theoretical plates number in the concentration part of the column the concentration effect tends to the limit value. The effects of the head impurities digestion increase indefinitely with the growth of exhausting part. The proportion of the output from the condenser impurities depends more from the digestion effect than from the condensation effect. The effect of alcohol cleaning from the fusel oil components depends strongly from the ratio of the number of plates in the digestion and concentration parts (the optimal ratio for isopropanol, isoamyl, butanol is 1.5, for the propanol, isobutanol is 0.45).
156-159 754
Abstract
In recent years, the manufacturing of bio-recyclable polymer products, which production and consumption has become an efficient way to protect environment from solid wastes in different countries of the world. The issue of environmental protection becomes global and the rapid growth of synthetic plastics application in many industries is a serious concern. There is a important task to improve the quality, safety and durability of products as well as their utilization after the expiration period. One of the most acceptable ways to solve these issues is to produce biodegradable materials based on natural materials, which are not harmful for environment and human health. A very common and effective method to give biological degradability to synthetic polymers is to insert starch into polymer composition in combination with other ingredients.
160-164 527
Abstract
The water condition in cages of the paste of chlorella was investigated by the method of thermogravimetric analysis. With increasing heating rate endothermic effect corresponding to the dehydration process is shifted towards higher temperatures. Temperature intervals of chlorella dehydration are defined at rate of heating 2 К/min - 308-368 K, 5 К/min - 323-403 K, and 10 К/min - 348-403 K. Quantitative characteristics of kinetic unequal water in chlorella have been received for each step (∆, ∆Т, a mass fraction (w), energy of activation (Еа)). This process is similar to the process of the dehydration in ion exchange membranes. The derived kinetic characteristics give the possibility to define an optimum temperature interval and rate of drying microalgae for the purpose of increase of periods of storage in the form of paste or a solid substance for the further use as the bioadditive. In addition the presence of three types of water chlorella in a cell set according to NMR with pulsed magnetic field gradient. Since free water is involved in biochemical, chemical and microbiological processes, it is desirable to remove during drying of the preparation. The resulting temperature range of 323-343 K (step 2) at a heating rate of 2 K / min corresponds to a temperature range of drying the chlorella in a production environment. It should be noted that the highest number of algae in a tightly-water (the last stage). Apparently, this is determined by a unique cell structure. Temperature ranges dehydration process are not clear and vary depending on the heating rate, which is fully in line with previous studies of thermal analysis for grains, vegetables and bakery products.

Biotechnology, bionanotechnology and sugary products technology

165-170 780
Abstract
The article describes the use for the production of food products with prolonged shelf-life food additives - dihydroquercetin. Dihydroquercetin is a bioflavonoid natural origin, which has the highest antioxidant activity compared with all known exogenous antioxidants, including vitamins E, A, B, C, D, K, beta-carotene. This connection is included in the list of food additives, do not have harmful effects on health when used for cooking food. Dihydroquercetin is non-toxic, physiologically harmless to human health, not give them a foreign tastes and odors, does not change their color when using it.Additive stable with respect to temperature (from minus 50 to plus 1800 с), mechanical stress , and the processes taking place in the manufacture of products, i.e., meets all the requirements applicable generally to all food additives, and in particular, to the antioxidants. Dihydroquercetin has antibacterial properties against some types of bacteria, and has a positive impact on the development and growth of the lactic microflora. Dihydroquercetin has antibacterial properties against some types of bacteria, and has a positive impact on the development and growth of the lactic microflora. Bioflavonoid is not synthesized in the human body, so you need to eat foods in which it is contained ..In addition, the use of dihydroquercetin will produce food therapeutic orientation that the positive effect of bioflavonoids on human health has been proven through years of experimental and clinical research medical institutions of Russia.
171-175 653
Abstract
Beet-sugar factory - is a large, well-equipped with modern technology, the company that operates in a continuous circuit. In the technological structure of a sugar factory there are three production divisions: beet processing department, juice purification house and grocery department. In the grocery department of a sugar factory dangerous and harmful factors may encounter while using equipment such as vacuum devices, centrifuges, and crystallizer tank, massecuite distributor, driers and classifiers sugar. The working area of the service of machinery may appear dangerous or harmful factors, which are divided into the following groups: physical, chemical, biological and physiological. To maintain microclimate parameters can be applied general ventilation, in which the replacement of the warm air to the cold going around the room volume. Heating in the grocery department in the production season is not carried out, since it is sufficient to heat generated by the equipment. In the grocery department uses natural and artificial lighting. In the sugar factory used the following measures to protect against vibration: perform detailed assembly, eliminate defects and looseness of individual parts; way to isolate the transmission of vibrations from the machine to the foundation apply vibration isolators. Widespread use of electrical installations in a sugar factory creates the risk of electric shock to persons. Causes of electrical shocks are often disadvantages of construction and installation of the equipment, its operation is wrong. During drying and transportation of sugar produced by static electricity. To remove the static electricity equipment grounded; also used the increase in humidity; air ionization. To reduce the consumption of fresh industrial water from reservoirs provides for the establishment of the system of working circuits cleaning and maximum reuse of industrial water. Thus, safety and environmental compliance in the grocery department of the sugar beet plant depends on many factors, and needs careful monitoring of these processes.
176-180 514
Abstract
This work is devoted to the study of specific solvent stream in baro membrane separation processes in the biochemical industry. The main indicators, which characterize baromembranes technology, are productivity and quality division. Performance of baromembrane separation is estimated by the specific output or specific solvent stream, which is equal to the permeate flow per unit working area of the membrane per unit of time, and also determines the speed of the process of baromembrane division. This parameter depends on the material of the membrane, the nature of the solutes and their concentrations in the solution, the operating pressure, temperature and hydrodynamic processes. The article analyzed the specific solvent flow, which mathematically described by the equation based on Darcy's Law. This law establishes proportional dependence on the driving force of the process, the concentration and type of membrane. For the research was used following technique. The initial stage was to preliminary cleaning of membranes from impurities, checking the integrity of individual units, launching in work mode for a time period of 18 hours. Then there was a preliminary experience for the establishment of a permanent performance with a factor of retention membranes. After that was done a series of basic experiments, the results of which were used for calculate of specific solvent stream. As a result of investigations made certain conclusions. Specific solvent stream decreases with increasing concentration. In ultrafiltration membranes the specific solvent stream is higher than in reverse osmosis membranes. This phenomenon depends on the type of membrane. When the pressure increases the flow of the solvent and performance of baromembrane separation of solutions increases too. Specific solvent stream are influenced by concentrating polarization, gelation and sedimentation, which are formed as a result of increasing pressure and adsorption on the membrane surface.
181-185 497
Abstract
There was developed a technology to produce starch sweeteners in granular form, which allows to obtain ready product in dry freeflowing state, without separation of mother liquor with valuable nutritional components, for short period of time. During granulation dextrose is crystallized on the surface of seed granules and it increases their size up to determined value, after that granules are destroyed, forming new centers of granules formation. The sizes of granules are in the range of 3–7 mm. The analysis of experimental data shows, that density of granules is decrease with increase of size of granules. Increasing the load for crushing granules at increase of their size is connected with increase of strength due to its mass increase. However, with increase of granule size the specific load per unit of cross-sectional area (tensile strength) is decreased. With increase of moisture content of granules the load for destruction is decreased. The tensile strength is decreased with increase of granule size and moisture content. The value of the optimal average granule size is determined using experimental data on change of critical stress arising inside of granules of different size, from the action of load, determined experimentally for each granule, and specific load in granules of seed layer from external forces at mixing of granule layer. Substituting the known values corresponding to experimental installation, in equations, obtained based on experimental data, we find optimal average size of granule for existing boundary conditions, obtained in the experimental installation d = 3,78 mm. The size of granule at starch sweeteners production could be change in certain limits depending on the height of seed layer of granules in granulator. The greater height of seed layer, the smaller average size of granules obtained at granulation.
186-193 744
Abstract
The most effective safety management system of food production in all industrialized countries in the world recognized by the system based on the principles of HACCP. In Russia, the conformity assessment carried out by the HACCP system certification. The essence of the HACCP system is to identify and control the critical points. Critical Control Point – this is the stage of the process, which is subject to control for hazard identification and risk management in order to avoid the production of unsafe products. Implementation of HACCP system allows to tighten and coordinate the quality control system, which will improve the competitiveness of the products produced in the sugar market in Russia and abroad. In the early stages of food production HACCP system to prevent the occurrence of danger. It is based on the preventive approach to ensuring quality and safety in the production process, and can also be used in the development of new products. HACCP system is based on seven main principles to ensure the implementation and management of the system in production. 1. Creation of a working group of the coordinator and the technical secretary and various consultants. 2. Information on materials and products, in this case of sugar beet and sugar. 3. Information about the production. 4. Risk analysis of the available chemical, physical and microbiological factors. To determine the critical control points according to the results obtained for each factor is determined by a special chart the extent of its accounting. The need to consider the potential hazard is determined by the order in which area it has got. 5. The production program of mandatory preliminary activities in the production of sugar. 6. Determination of critical control points. 7. Making worksheets HACCP. It is shown that the use of HACCP in sugar beet production has several advantages.

Economics and Management

194-202 528
Abstract
The modern consumer market is characterized by a complex of immanent tendencies of development, the competitive relations reflecting specifics inherent in it. These tendencies of development of the competitive environment of the consumer market are in many respects caused by a state and extent of use of competitive capacity of the organizations functioning in this market. This obvious circumstance causes the necessity of complex scientific research of competitive capacity of trade organizations, including its structures, for definition of prospects of its sustainable strategic development. Immanent properties of competitive capacity of trade organization allowed to study in detail its structure, by means of the substantial review of the existing options of its representation and their systematization on specific, element and system signs. In development of specific structure of competitive potential its addition commercial, technological, communication, consumer and image the potentials reflecting functional and branch specifics of activity of trade organization is offered. The system of elements of competitive capacity of trade organization is given by its structure-forming types. It is proved that these elements aren't characterized by strict distribution by types of potentials, and separate from elements are universal, accepted for simultaneous use when forming all types of potential. Allocation of a system sign of structurization of competitive potential was based on situation that "systemacity" has to be provided not so much with hierarchy of hierarchy of types and elements of potential, their interrelations, how many possibility of the accounting of various classification signs allowing to typify competitive potential as system integrity, regardless of its separate types. Those signs were the stage of a demand and level of use in economic activity, economic feasibility of existence of unrealized potential, the origin nature.
203-207 692
Abstract
The need for conflict management in crisis poses questions about the decision of the leaders of emerging new challenges and dialogue in the team. Ignoring conflicts that arise in the collective unacceptable, because it can lead to wrong actions in the administration. Therefore, conflicts must be analyzed from the standpoint of the theory of organization, considering it as a set of relationships between organizational units. The experience of conflict resolution points to a sequence of actions for constructive management. The article discusses the strategy of effective interventions by the manager on the conflicts (personnel manager or psychologist) for the purpose of settlement, and provides a sequence of structuring the conflict in block diagram form. In a crisis, the organization to minimize the time for conflict resolution is one of the most important requirements for its effective overcoming. In a crisis, the organization to minimize the time for conflict resolution is one of the most important requirements for its effective overcoming. Direction of action discussed above consultant on crisis management issues, refer to the table. The proposed approach of conflict resolution in crisis mode, considering the direction of formation of such an important organization in the commercial property market conditions as the survival rate. However, the manager of the proposed expansion of differentiated arsenal of interventions in the inevitable conflicts between organizational units.
208-215 496
Abstract
In the article the authors to calculate the distribution of risks and income from the provision of tourist services are encouraged to use the methodology of portfolio analysis. Under this methodology, the author analyzes the dynamics of revenues from tourism in Russia in 2000–2014 years., The dynamics of revenues from foreign tourism in Russia in 2000–2014 years., Determines the minimum length of the dispersion, the composition of portfolios of segments of tourist services, the expected return and covariance matrix segments of the tourism market and identifies the optimal portfolio of tourists to the Russian tourist companies.
216-221 554
Abstract
Social and economic problems of development of the state are directly connected with deterioration of a state of environment and problems in health care of citizens (stresses in big cities, high extent of employment, an inactive way of life of citizens, low level of life expectancy, high rates of mortality, quality of life and). In particular, in article the health resort as important system of development of the country is considered. Relevance of a subject of research is confirmed by the organizati on of programs of a medical and improving profile for recovery of population health. On the basis of system approach the analysis of literary data which allow to reveal the main tendencies of development of health resort is carried out. On the basis of system approach the multilevel and structural analysis is made for specification of some concepts (the resort, sanatorium activity, territorial health resorts, sanatorium systems, sanatorium services, the market of sanatorium services, the sanatorium industry, the medical and improving industry). The specified structure of elements of sanatorium activity, from the point of view of their structural filling, functional value and development in time is presented on the basis of the system analysis of literary data. The maintenance o f the main components of sanatorium activity, from the point of view of methodology of system and dialectic approach is opened. Within system and activity approach sanatorium activity is considered as the natural and social and economic system which is turning on logically interconnected blocks forming a uniform medical and improving complex. A set of components represent multifunctional
system which is in total based on safe functioning. Necessary components of sanatorium system are the social environment, the natural and anthropogenous environment and arising public productions. Between them various communications – social, financial and economic, ecological, creating the strong functioning system are formed.
222-228 599
Abstract
In the conditions of market economy the competition is the main driving force of economic growth. The idea about existence of the interregional competition isn't conventional and demands the proof. The phenomena allowing to state existence of the interregional competitive relations which are realized through system of prerequisites of political, economic, legal and technological character were for this purpose studied. Competitiveness – one of the most important characteristics of the territory which level directly influences formation of positive tendencies in development of subjects of the Russian Federation. Productive indicators of level of competitiveness of the region are: a gross regional product on one occupied in economy, production of a gross regional product for one ruble of fixed assets, a gross regional product for one ruble of investments, a share of balanced financial result in a gross regional product. On the basis of private indicators the Pattern method received an integrated indicator of level of competitiveness of region. The quantitative assessment of the factors determining distinctions of regions of the Russian Federation by competitiveness level allowed to define that the competitiveness variation in the territory of regions in the greatest measure depends on a variation of number of graduates of educational institutions with higher education on 1000 people and the specific weight of investments into the enterprises occupied with mining. Regional values of competitiveness are most elastic relatively the specific weight of own investments, that is increase of this indicator for 1 % causes increase of competitiveness for 0.9 %. The practical importance of this work is caused by possibility of application of results of research by federal and regional executive authorities as information representation when developing programs of increase of level of competitiveness of regions of the Russian Federation. Besides, it is possible to apply results of research in work of bodies of the state statistics at a complex comparative assessment of levels of competitiveness of subjects of Federation and degree of stability of their social and economic growth.
229-232 570
Abstract
In the article the question of resource efficiency and the problem of unemployment. Stressed the importance of efficient use of human resources for domestic companies and the country as a whole. The definition of unemployment, which is one of the greatest challenges of the market economy. The problem of unemployment is one of the most important today, particularly for the Russian labor market. Analyzed, compared, such as the types of unemployment: frictional, structural and cyclical. The problem of unemployment exacerbates a difficult financial position, pushing to seek work of housewives, pensioners and students. It reflects the main approaches for the consideration of unemployment. The correlation between unemployment and economic crisis. Companies that are in a crisis, trying to maneuver and keep your team. Practice the system of long administrative leave and the use of part-time employment, resulting in a hidden unemployment. The extent of its increase as the phase-out. The main methods of state regulation that reduce unemployment associated with the development of ways of retraining the unemployed, social support for the unemployed, assistance in the creation of additional jobs, and others. We consider the law "On employment in the Russian Federation" and the activities of labor exchanges, represented by their main position and functions designed to support and help in finding work. It analyzes the level of unemployment over the past five years. To date, according to the Federal State Statistics Service, unemployment in Russia is 5.3 %. The lowest unemployment is currently in Moscow – less than 1 %, the highest in Ingushetia – more than 40 %. Nevertheless, unemployment in our country for more than seven million people, and it is a huge untapped resource.
233-236 883
Abstract
The scientific themes of the article is relevant, as in the domestic and foreign economic literature, the term "financial system" does not comply with the fundamental theory of systems in which the system views revealed as a set of interrelated and interacting elements in accordance with the set to achieve the goal. Each of the elements of multi-level financial system has its own organizational structure, consisting of institutions and organizations within the jurisdiction of the entity government. In the article the author's interpretation of the concepts of "institutional framework," "organizational structure" of the regional financial system, defined the task of the financial system was to create rules and regulations of its operation, set out the basic functions of the institutions and organizations of the regional financial system, analyzes the external communication of the financial system, the implementation of which is one of the basic conditions for the effective functioning of the financial system in the region due to its inclusion in the federal and international financial sector. The contribution of the author in the development of the theme of the article is to specify and clarify the concepts of "the financial system", "institutional and organizational structure of the regional financial system," the development of methodological approaches to the formulation and use of methods of solving the institutional and organizational problems of the financial system in the region, the rationalization of the rules and regulations it current operation and future development, the definition of the composition of the basic functions that are adequate specialization and features of the institutes and organizations of the regional financial system.
237-244 584
Abstract
The problem of the use of the management innovations in the system of crisis management is considered in the article. Domestic enterprises run business in the changing environment and are forced to respond to the impact of environmental factors all the time. The crisis management system is provided this opportunity. The analysis of the practical experience proved that the innovations are the most effective tools of the crisis management at the present time. The management innovations are the primary. These innovations are the base of the "correct" anticrisis program of the enterprise. The possibilities of the budgeting system as the management innovations for each type of the crisis management are presented in the article. The role of the budgeting system for the definition of the priority directions of anticrisis measures is considered on the example of the analysis of cash flow budget. The features of the budgeting as the management innovations for each type of crisis management is presented in the article. The specific example of cash flow budget analysis proved the role of budgeting in determining the priority directions of anti-crisis measures.


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