A mathematical model of snacks drying process from minced fish in a fluidized bed with distributed parameters of the heat exchange process between the surface of an anisotropic body and the environment is proposed. The solution of the problem of non-stationary heat transfer by heat conduction using the Galerkin method is considered. The trial and verification functions of the method used, implemented in the PTC MathCAD engineering calculation environment, are linearly independent, represent the first elements of a complete system of polynomial functions and satisfy the boundary and initial conditions. Theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out, which allow considering the process of drying snacks from minced fish in a fluidized bed and scientifically substantiate options for its improvement. According to the results of experimental studies, the adequacy of the obtained mathematical model is shown. It is proved that with a uniform initial temperature distribution during preheating, the temperature inhomogeneity increases up to the moment of a phase transition on the surface of dried object. The importance of taking into account the preheating phase of wet material is established, since at this stage a temperature profile is formed, which is characterized by significant heterogeneity. This is especially important, since temperature heterogeneity directly affects the quality of the food product. The possibility of taking into account anisotropy in heat transfer processes using a three-dimensional mathematical model of transport with distributed parameters is confirmed. The developed technique allows significantly increasing the accuracy of an anisotropic boundary value problem solving by replacing the operation of integrating the stiffness matrix elements with a system of differential equations by algebraic formulas.

The article discusses the possibility and efficiency of using discrete diffusion in the extraction of materials with an internal anisotropic structure in comparison with a continuous diffusion process. For this purpose, theoretical calculations were made and experimental studies of countercurrent extraction of pectin from Jerusalem artichoke were carried out. To carry out the simulation, an equation for calculating the coefficient of internal diffusion and an equation for the adsorption isotherm during countercurrent extraction were determined. Evaluation of the efficiency of using countercurrent extraction to obtain pectin from Jerusalem artichoke was carried out by considering the influence of the effect of discrete diffusion on the rate of the process. The resulting equations made it possible to analytically evaluate the efficiency of discrete diffusion from two-zone spherical particles in comparison with continuous diffusion in multistage extraction of plant material. Having analytical data on the distribution of extractable substance concentrations in the inner and outer zones of the particle at different stages of extraction, it is possible to calculate the diffusion coefficients of materials in different zones and theoretically determine the degree of destruction of cell walls and structures at different stages of extraction. The developed technique, thanks to the analytical description of the process, allows you to select the optimal conditions for the extraction of various materials from plant and animal raw materials.

Cooling towers are the main equipment of the water cycle. Cooling is carried out by the circulating water of heat exchange devices. The heated water is cooled in cooling towers by mixing with the air flow and again directed to use as a cooling agent. Cooling is carried out as a result of heat exchange. The driving force necessary to overcome the friction force of the flows, which interferes with the flow of air, is provided by injection or exhaust fans. The total driving force can be expressed as the sum of the individual driving forces in the air and water flows. The work with air mixing of the liquid phase is carried out due to the energy of compressed air and can be calculated as the work of isothermal compression according to the equations given in the work. Cooling towers of various types are known. Fan cooling towers are the most advanced type of water coolers, since they provide practically stable cooling of water by changing the fan speed or their periodic shutdown, they allow higher thermal loads and deep cooling of water, that is, a greater approximation of the temperature of the cooled water to the theoretical cooling limit due to the increased relative air flow passing through the cooling tower. The main characteristics of cooling towers in terms of irrigation area, hydraulic load, etc. are given. A diagram of a fan cooling tower is presented, its main advantages are listed, such as cooling capacity, intensification of mass transfer (water) to another (air), that is, a typical process of coupled heat and mass transfer. The main elements of the cooling tower are considered. The sprinkler, as the main element of the cooling tower, is necessary to increase the contact surface between water and air, accelerate the cooling process. The ways of increasing the efficiency of their operation are shown. Water traps minimize drip entrainment – up to 100%. Water distribution systems should evenly distribute the cooled water over the surface area of the sprinkler. The energy consumption coming through the nozzles is presented. The role of entrance windows as elements of a cooling tower is highlighted, the main directions for further improving the efficiency of modern cooling towers.

The article deals with the theoretical foundations of the extrusion process. Food extrusion can be defined as the process of mixing, homogenizing and shaping low moisture food materials and more recently high moisture food materials into intermediate or finished products by forcing them through a specially designed die. The word "extrude" comes from the Latin words "ex" (to come out) and "trudere" (to push out). Food extrusion is a state of the art high temperature short time cooking process with several other single operations such as kneading, heating, mixing and shaping in one unit. Food extrusion processing is widely used to restructure starch and protein-based food materials to produce a variety of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals: bread substitutes and pet food. The general technology for the production of extruded food products and the type of a single-screw food extruder are given. The purpose of the study was to systematize and analyze patent data on the extrusion process in the food industry. The study analyzed, systematized and summarized 79 patents on equipment, technology and products using the extrusion process. It was revealed that 46.8% of applicants are located on the territory of the Russian Federation, in 50.6% of patent documents, grain and flour is used as vegetable raw materials. The maximum number of patents were issued in 2016. The technology of products that are themselves or raw materials subjected to the extrusion process has the greatest weight in percentage terms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using plant antioxidants to produce probiotic products with antioxidant properties. The probiotic food system chosen was yoghurt produced by a thermostatic process using commercially available yoghurt sourdough. Being a mass-market product, yoghurt with antioxidant properties may become an adequate approach to solve the problems of providing the population with biologically active minor substances of antioxidant action. One of the important challenges in the development of fortified probiotic products is to assess the impact of the food ingredients used on probiotic development and the formation of a given quality of the product itself. For this reason, the research assessed indicators such as titratable acidity, which characterizes the course of the fermentation process; the content of probiotic microorganisms in combination with the study of their morphology; and antioxidant activity as an indicator reflecting the formation of new functional properties. Taxifolin powder in the original and encapsulated form (in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin) according to the author's methodology was used as an antioxidant. The results of studies show that inclusion of taxifolin into the composition of yogurt ensures formation of probiotic product with the required amount of probiotic microorganisms (not less than 107 CFU per 1 g) and the titratable acidity level according to the current regulatory documentation. It was found that the use of taxifolin in encapsulated form provides a better development of the fermentation microflora of yoghurt, the content of probiotic microorganisms was one order of magnitude higher than in the sample with unencapsulated taxifolin. The value of antioxidant activity of the enriched yoghurt samples was more than 2 times higher than that of the control sample. Thus, the results obtained showed that when obtaining yoghurt with antioxidant properties it is most advisable to add a food ingredient based on encapsulated taxifolin.

The article presents information on the functional and technological properties of whey protein microparticulate powders of various compositions. The particles of the microparticulate had similar external characteristics, as well as close sizes. The average particle diameter of MWP 60 was 69.9 µm, that of MWP 80 was 66.5 µm. The microparticulate samples were characterized by good wettability and dispersibility. The solubility index of MWP 60 was lower than that of MWP 80, which is due to the high content of highly soluble lactose in its composition. Both objects of research belonged to "light" powders with a bulk density of less than 0.6 g/cm3. The higher value of the bulk density of MWP 80 characterizes it as a product with a less loose structure (in comparison with MWP 60), and therefore potentially more stable in storage. Both samples of the microparticle were characterized by a similar value of the heat treatment index, which makes it possible to attribute them to the class of low-temperature treatment. Low temperature processing also correlates with the UMSPN value of products. The reconstituted microparticulate samples were significantly more heat resistant than the whey protein concentrate without the microparticulate step. The boiling test for MWP 80 was 2 minutes at a temperature of 100 °C, and for MWP 60 it was 5 minutes. This makes it possible to classify microparticles as heat-resistant protein concentrates with high manufacturability for use in the production of various food products.

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose fragments. It is the most predominant carbohydrate found in milk. The physiological significance of lactose is primarily determined by its energetic properties. Consuming lactose helps maintain the balance of the gut microflora. In addition, lactose stimulates the absorption of calcium in children and helps to increase bone strength. However, not all people absorb lactose equally. In the body, lactose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme β-galactosidase (lactase). Lactase deficiency in the gastrointestinal tract causes lactose intolerance and is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, and diarrhea that may occur after drinking milk. Two thirds of the world's population have problems digesting lactose. People with lactose intolerance often avoid dairy products. However, dairy products are an essential part of a healthy, balanced diet and are a rich source of nutrients. Limiting the consumption of dairy products can lead to deficiencies in important nutrients and contribute to the development of long-term health risks such as decreased bone density, hypertension and diabetes. Nutritional support, in this case, is one of the most effective methods of disease prevention. The need for people with lactose intolerance is shown to optimize nutritional status by including lactose-free and low-lactose dairy products in the diet. It is shown that the world market for lactose-free dairy products is the fastest growing segment in the dairy.

The article provides basic information about the functional properties of fish culinary products developed on the basis of freshly frozen pollock fish with additives of vegetable powders: jerusalem artichoke powder, basil, tomato, paprika, dill, and onion and carrot were used as vegetable raw materials. The influence of the duration of heat treatment of products from pollock cutlet mass on sensory characteristics, the value of moisture-retaining ability, the size of the particles of crushed muscle tissue of model samples of minced meat is considered. Rational parameters of heat treatment of functional minced fish products have been established. The influence of a vegetable additive from Jerusalem artichoke on the functional and technological characteristics of minced fish systems has been studied. The safety indicators of finished products prepared on the basis of heat-treated fish raw materials with the addition of jerusalem artichoke powder, flavoring additives and vegetable raw materials are investigated. This determines the main task of research and is relevant and promising. The purpose of the development of new specialized products is to obtain enriched model compositions for the manufacture of high-quality functional minced products in an industrial way. The article presents data on the optimization of the ingredient composition of fish culinary products, taking into account the technological properties of raw materials and storage conditions. The list of ingredients with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties and the possibility of their use in the preparation of specialized fish culinary products for rational and specialized nutrition is scientifically substantiated. Optimization was carried out using modern programs that provide mathematical modeling of product formulations in the realized range of parameter changes. The qualitative and quantitative prescription composition is modeled in accordance with sanitary norms and requirements of the SanPiN 2.3/2.4.3590–20 requirements for food products of the population.

The article presents the basic information about the functional and technological properties of semi-finished meat products with biologically active additives of vegetable powders: fiber, chia seeds, ground black pepper. The choice of a biologically active fiber supplement, chia seeds, for the creation of a meat semi-finished product for functional purposes is substantiated. The moisture-binding, moisture-retaining and fat-retaining abilities of minced meat for the production of meat semi-finished products for functional purposes have been determined and analyzed. The optimal dose of the biologically active additive of fiber and chia seeds was determined. As an ingredient, chia seeds are versatile in any dish, being able to absorb liquid and turn into a gel. Dietary fiber passes through the entire digestive tract almost unchanged. But this substance is of great importance for proper digestion and weight correction, regulation of sugar and cholesterol levels in the blood. The purpose of developing new specialized products is to obtain enriched meat compositions for the industrial production of high quality semi-finished products. The article presents data on the optimization of the ingredient composition of meat culinary products, considering the technological properties of raw materials and biomedical recommendations for the nutrition of the population. The list of ingredients with immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties and the possibility of their use in the preparation of specialized meat culinary products has been scientifically substantiated. The relationship between the mass fraction of protein, fat and carbohydrate components has been established. Moisture-binding capacity for minced meat with fiber and chia 80.1–88.1%, water-holding capacity 84.2–86.0% and fat-binding capacity 80.1–88.2%.

A distinctive feature of fish fats from fats of plants and terrestrial animals is the presence in their composition of highly unsaturated and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), which causes their high biological value. A typical type of raw material for obtaining edible fat is cod liver, which makes up about 10% of the weight of fish and contains an average of about 50% lipids. The Far Eastern pollock liver with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids has similar characteristics. From a technological point of view, the complexity of extracting these biologically valuable components is due to the high sensitivity of fish oil lipids to oxidation. The article discusses the use of new enzyme Protorizin-LAP obtained at Russian scientific research institute of food biotechnology using Aspergillus oryzae strain - a producer of a complex of exo- and endopeptidases with an increased activity of leucine aminopeptidase. Oil yield (%) and acid value (mg KOH/g oil) are considered as efficiency criteria for enzymatic hydrolysis. Optimization results of enzymatic hydrolysis of the pollock liver using a full-factorial experiment for two factors are presented. The optimal values of the factors are established: the dosage of the enzyme preparation Protorizin-LAP (0.4% by weight of the raw material) and the duration of the enzymatic hydrolysis process (1 hour). The study of the comparative enzymatic analysis of pollock liver showed that the use of the enzyme preparation "Protorizin LAP" in the technological process of processing fat-containing fish. The laboratory sample is not inferior to commercial analogues in terms of the ability to extract fat from pollock liver and may be promising in the processing of other raw materials of animal origin.

The influence of certain fractions of fish scales (zander) used as an additive in minced meat from pollock fillets, as well as from by-products (backbones, tails, fins) of salmon obtained by separation on the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of the resulting semi-finished products and ready-to-eat – how products (meatballs). It was determined that with an increase in the percentage of adding additives to pollock minced meat, the mass loss of meatballs after baking (combi steamer) decreased compared to the control (46.25% – without adding scales) and amounted to (with a 10% addition of three fractions scales) respectively 29.50; 37.30 and 38.83%. It was revealed that the preliminary holding (stabilization) of these semi-finished products in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 °C for 90 minutes, followed by baking, contributed to a more significant reduction in mass losses of finished products compared to the control (46.25%) and amounted to (at 10% addition of three scale fractions) respectively 24.00%, 18.7% and 24.39%. A similar reduction in mass losses of finished products occurred in the manufacture of meatballs from separated minced meat obtained from salmon by-products with the addition of certain fractions of fish scales in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight of raw materials. It is shown that with an increase in the percentage of addition of fish scale additives to minced meats, the ultimate shear stress (USS) of the resulting mixture increases, water-holding capacity (WHC), with an additive concentration in minced meat from 1 to 7% tends to decrease, and from 7 to 10% to increase in comparison with the control. Meatballs obtained from minced pollock and salmon with the addition of the collagen fraction of the scales (more than 2.5 mm) in the amount of 8 and 10% by weight of the raw material had a very delicate texture and a less pronounced fishy taste and smell.

The article shows the results of the inclusion of the food additive lycopene in the recipe of bakery products. The effect of the introduced functional component lycopene was assessed by organoleptic indicators of the dough semi-finished and finished bakery products. In the food industry lycopene is used as a natural carotenoid pigment, antioxidant and flavor enhancer in some products such as: butter, dairy products and pasta, as well as in baking. Functional nutrition is aimed at enriching traditional products with functional food ingredients useful for human health. In the present work used standard methods of research the properties of finished products. By the example of hamburger buns, it was found that lycopene is evenly distributed throughout the dough mass and does not change its structure, which is confirmed by microphotographs of the dough. The addition of 5 mg of lycopene resulted in a 17% increase in the dough volume from the control value due to an increase in the microbiological activity of the yeast. The finished bakery products were characterized by high taste qualities and attractive appearance. Evaluation of organoleptic properties was carried out with the involvement of 10 expert tasters. When evaluating the organoleptic characteristics, the highest score was given to bakery products with the addition of 5 mg lycopene per 100 g of dough. The addition of lycopene did not significantly affect the shelf life of bakery products. The results of this study suggested that lycopene, which is rich in antioxidants and carotenoids, could be used as a food ingredient in the recipe for hamburger buns made for functional foods for people with cardiovascular, mental illness and cataracts.

Prolongation of life expectancy and improvement of phenotypes directly related to the aging process have been the objects of many studies. Some of the known methods of increasing life expectancy, including dietary restrictions and genetic manipulation, are difficult to apply to all people, and their side effects are difficult to predict. It is for this reason that it becomes important to find those biologically active compounds that can act as anti-aging agents or can induce prolongation of life due to various metabolic processes inside the cell. The medicinal plant SFO thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is a source of many active compounds that can affect life expectancy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biologically active compounds of the extract of the callus culture of Thymus vulgaris L., dried by spray drying at different temperature conditions (60 ℃, 90 ℃, 120 ℃), on the growth of the experimental model Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-564. Anti-aging effect of dry extract of callus culture Thymus vulgaris L. with concentrations of 0.25 mg/ml, 0.50 mg/ml and 1.00 mg/ml on a model yeast organism, the yeast cells were evaluated by increasing the biomass of yeast cells. The results of the studies showed that the best variant of the effect of the growth properties of the biomass of the yeast suspension S. cerevisiae Y-564 showed an extract of the callus culture Thymus vulgaris L., dried at a temperature of 90 ℃, with a concentration of 0.50 mg / ml. It was under such conditions that a stimulating increase in the biomass of the test culture was observed. These results of this study provide new insights into the mechanisms by which biologically active compounds extracted from the callus culture of Thymus vulgaris L. can slow down the aging process.

This article explores the problem of proper nutrition in the life of a modern student. This problem is especially relevant at the present time, because the modern student has become even more purposeful and active. And this means that at the moment, proper nutrition of young people is the most important problem that needs to be addressed. The most important condition for maintaining and improving health is a healthy lifestyle, the formation of which forms the basis for the primary prevention of many diseases. The body of students, especially junior students, is greatly influenced by a change in the usual way of life. An increase in the volume of information, a new form of its presentation compared to school, the need to independently allocate time and organize one's life (especially for students from other cities) increase the load on the psycho-emotional sphere. For the normal functioning of the body in this difficult and responsible period, nutrition plays an important role. This article analyzes the proper nutrition of students in the working day, studying at universities in the city of Krasnodar. In the course of the study, an anonymous survey was conducted on the basis of 2, 3 courses of the specialty Economic Security, which was conducted within one working week. 113 students aged 19–20 took part in it. All students study full-time at the university. According to the study, it was found that most students do not follow proper nutrition, and they also have a predominance of carbohydrate-fat foods, some students have complaints about their diet, lifestyle and health. The article also indicates the ratio of the main components of a healthy lifestyle. The main functions of proper nutrition for students are also presented.

Semi-finished products made from poultry meat are widely popular among different segments of the Russian population. A special place belongs to products made from minced meat mass. Currently, there is a need to develop recipes for combined minced products with a lower cost, good organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. The traditional recipe for the preparation of products from the minced poultry meat mass involves the use of hand-boned chicken meat. Mechanically deboned poultry meat differs from manual deboned meat by a lower moisture and protein content, a higher fat content, which makes its usage promising. The authors experimentally establish the most appropriate combination of traditional raw materials and mechanically deboned meat (90:10) for the preparation of products from the chopped poultry meat mass. This ratio was acknowledged as the best while determining organoleptic (sectional view, smell, taste, consistency) and physicochemical (mass fraction of total ash, moisture, acidity, mass fraction of carbohydrates) indicators. A model sample of a prepared combined semi-finished meat product had a flat surface, dense and elastic consistency, a homogeneous minced meat structure, a pleasant chicken taste and aroma. The authors note that within completion of products made from minced poultry meat mass, there is a possibility to partially replace chicken meat with mechanically deboned meat by picking the optimal recipe. In such event, the quality indicators of the finished, combined product do not deteriorate, the product retains traditional organoleptic characteristics, is balanced in the main nutrients and has a high nutritional and biological value.

Every person wants to be healthy, strong, energetic, cheerful. Everyone wants to look beautiful and attractive. Regular exercise is good for everyone. They not only prevent the accumulation of excess kilograms and toxins in orgasm, but also contribute to the full functioning of the heart, lungs, muscles, brain, and other organs and systems. Physical activity, keeping the body in good shape, increases mental performance and slows down the aging of the body.Many young people of our time are beginning to think about a healthy lifestyle, sports, or just a beautiful, aesthetically attractive appearance. After all, one of the philosophies of sports is the ability to deliver and achieve the desired result after a certain period of time. And often the first thought that visits them is going to the gym and looking for the opinion of experts in the field of gaining muscle mass and heavy physical training. This is exactly what will be discussed. After all, now there are many sources of information that, sometimes, contradict each other and it is very easy to get confused in them. A large amount of information is not terrible for students, but ordinary people tend to rely on popular opinion, which is often superficial, and is not without prejudice, or does not correctly interpret what has long been known. Since the topic of nutrition for weightlifters is extremely difficult due to the fact that in ordinary life a person does not have to spend a huge amount of energy on physical exertion. The daily norm of an average person, for a weightlifter, will be a light snack before a full lunch, but it is also worth considering that professionals take special sports nutrition, which is necessary only for athletes to achieve maximum effect in the shortest possible time. This article presents the results, an analysis of the nutrition of weightlifters, its features and the possibility of its implementation in the realities of student life, a brief explanation of the principles and purpose of sports nutrition.

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of technological factors on the change in the structural and mechanical properties of protracted aerated candy masses based on whey proteins. The influence of combined protein and hydrocolloid systems on the formation of the structural properties of whipped candy masses of the “soft nougatines” type with increased aggregative stability was determined. It has been established that the use of gelatin-gum arabic structurant composition improves the stability of candy masses based on whey proteins under mechanical action and obtaining masses with a glossy surface. Rational technologies of aerated candy masses with increased aggregative stability using protein-polysaccharide complexes have been scientifically substantiated. The addition of sugar-glucose syrup to protein foams increases the foaming of the system. In addition, the positive effect of sugars is explained by an increase in the viscosity of the bulk phase, which reduces the rate of liquid loss by lamellae and increases the stability of the systems. Rheological studies have shown that the interaction of whey protein foam with a complex mixture of hydrocolloids "gelatin - gum arabic" contributes to the stabilization of the candy mass, prevents the destruction of the foam structure during the formation of sweets by extrusion. Candy masses have thixotropic properties and when formed by extrusion after the load is removed, their structure is restored.

The expansion of domestic production of food products enriched with vitamins, biologically active substances, children's, dietary and functional nutrition products can be achieved thanks to the development of progressive technologies of breeding, cultivation, selection of raw materials with valuable biochemical, technological properties. Black currant berries have high antioxidant, jelly-forming properties and are widely used by processing enterprises for the production of fortified jelly products. At the same time, special attention is paid to the selection of varieties that are optimally suitable for this type of production. Thus, the purpose of these studies is aimed at identifying and systematizing the criteria for selecting varieties of black currant according to the technological and biochemical potential of berries for their involvement in the technology of production of jelly products of functional orientation with specified characteristics. Black currant berries of the Azhurnaya, Arapka, Iskusheniye, Kreolka, Ladushka, Ocharovaniye, Orlovskaya serenada (control) of the selection of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), as well as jelly based on them were selected as objects of research. It was found that the developed jelly samples from black currant berries were characterized by high quality, satisfied the recommended daily intake of vitamin C by an average of 60%, vitamin P by 52.4%, pectin by 85.1%, and were characterized by a solid jelly-like structure without additional introduction of structure-forming agents. A positive correlation with a high degree of reliability between the rheological characteristics of jelly and indicators of the chemical composition of raw materials was revealed. Based on the comprehensive assessment of raw materials and jelly based on it, the criteria for the selection of varieties for a number of technological and biochemical characteristics are identified.

To maintain the stable competitiveness of Russian agricultural products in the domestic and foreign markets, it is necessary to find reserves for the use of non-waste technologies using domestic raw materials in full. In the conditions of growing feed production, providing the feed industry with components of plant origin, an important role belongs to the use of inexpensive rough grass feed. Their use allows more rational use of plant stem forage, completely balances the diet of animals, mechanizes the distribution of feed, reduces its losses during transportation, distribution and eating, and thus significantly reduces the cost of livestock products. In connection with the production of new types of products in the form of briquettes, the production technology of which involves the introduction of stem plant materials, the process of their preparation is of great importance. Studies of the process of grinding stem plant raw materials with different moisture content on a hammer crusher were carried out, during which the optimal parameters of its operation were determined, which make it possible to reduce the energy intensity of the grinding process by 8.5-10.5% and improve the quality of the produced briquettes

Hypericaceae herb contains biologically active compounds, flavonoids (1.5–5%), naphthodianthrons, phloroglucins, tannins (10-13%), essential oil (0.1–0.33%) and other compounds. In accordance with the patent RU 2,067,452 C1, St. John's wort extract is obtained using a solvent system acetone-70% ethanol – 30% ethanol. Hypericaceae is extracted with acetone. The raw materials remaining after extraction are dried and extracted with 70% ethanol at a ratio of 1:10 by percolation. The extracts obtained from the extracts are combined and dried. Extracts of St. John's wort herb can be obtained using a two-phase solvent system. As an extraction system, a mixture of solvents is used - chloroform: ethanol: water (8:10:10). There is the following way. Solvents are used in ethanol, methanol, isopropanol (each in a concentration of 40%, 70% and undiluted) and in water, using ultrasound. Samples are extracted within 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Extraction in water using ultrasound is comparably close to screening with alcohols in terms of the percentage of biologically active components given off, but does not require purification. For food production, the method of obtaining St. John's wort herb extract according to the patent RU 2 265 448 C2 will be relevant. Where the laser-treated mass is suspended in water. Suspension is carried out so that for 1 liter of water there are from 50 to 300, preferably from 100 to 250 g of laser-treated mass of St. John's wort grass. The suspension of crushed plants should be carried out at a temperature of 10 to 40 ° C, although higher or lower temperatures are not excluded. Then the suspension is kept from 5 to 20 days, preferably from 7 to 15 days at a temperature of 2 to 10 ° C, preferably from 4 to 8 ° C. Food products enriched with St. John's wort herb extract have longer shelf life.

High-viscosity liquid media with desired properties are the product of complex processing of oil crops and waste products from oil and fat enterprises, so they must have the widest possible range of specialized characteristics. Highly viscous liquid media are becoming a more convenient and equally effective alternative to solid media. For this purpose, natural components can be introduced into their composition in the form of waste from the oil and fat industry, vegetable and essential oils. To create a competitive product, a modified technology was developed at the stage of introducing additives for the complex processing of oilseed cults and waste from oil and fat enterprises. The main additives were analyzed and natural components from the waste of the oil and fat industry, vegetable and essential oils were selected - tea tree oil, aloe vera gel, which have good anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antifungal, antiviral and wound healing effects. Selected components are introduced into highly viscous liquid media in solubilized form, often in combination with other components. The composition of an experimental sample of high-viscosity liquid media - sodium laureth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, cocamide DEA, sodium chloride, glyceryl, acrylate copolymer, methylchloroisothiazolinone methylisothiazolinone, citric acid, disodium EDTA, tea tree oil, aloe vera gel, triclocarban, fragrance, water was developed. During the experimental part, a step-by-step course for introducing components in the production of samples of high-viscosity liquid media was selected, the time for carrying out specific loading operations for each component in the production of high-viscosity liquid media was 15 minutes, the rotation speed of the stirrer was 45 rpm, and the temperature of the components at each stage of the process was 21 ℃

The aim of the study is to determine the adaptive potential of barley accessions by the total antioxidant content (TAC) in the grain and 1000 grain weight, as well as to analyze the relationship between these traits of barley, on the one hand, and the adaptability indicators of accessions for them, on the other. The object of the study was 10 accessions of hulled barley, which were grown under the conditions of Eastern Siberia in three ecological points: Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia and Republic of Tyva. The HTC values for these items were respectively: 1.50, 1.25, 0.93. In barley accessions, the TAC value was determined using the Tsvet Yauza-01-AA device; gallic acid was used as a reference sample. According to these two traits of barley accessions, 5 indicators of their adaptability were calculated: the coefficient of ecological variation Cv, the stress resistance index d, the homeostatic parameter Hom, the indicator of the level and stability of the variety PUSS, the parameter of the selection value of the variety Cs. It was found that the highest level of TAC in the grain was characteristic of the Uvatsky and Acha accessions. Biom and Abalak accessions positively stood out in terms of grain size. It is shown that the optimal values of the adaptability parameters and their smallest sum of ranks in terms of the TAC value in the grain were characteristic of the accessions Acha and Biom, and those in terms of the weight of 1000 grains were noted in the same accession of Takmak barley. It was found that the relationship between the average values of TAC in the grain of barley accessions and the indicators of their stability of variety stability indicator and Cs for this trait was positive and significant. The presence of a positive relationship between the average value of 1000 grain weight and the stability parameter Cs for the specified feature was statistically proven. The demonstrated result may indicate that when sampling barley for an increased value of TAC in grain, the stability of the manifestation of this trait under different growing conditions is likely to increase.

The most important statistical indicators of the time series are the absolute chain and basic growth, chain and basic growth rates, growth rates, etc., which describe the current state of the process without making a forecast. The classical approach to forecasting series is based on the choice of a suitable theoretical model of the trend with unknown parameters, followed by its modeling. The applicability of the exponential smoothing method to the investigated dynamic series lies in the possibility of predicting a non-stationary time series, in which the weight of the series member decreases exponentially and practically does not have any effect on the value of the exponential average, which replaces the observed value of the series. The aim of the work was to carry out exponential smoothing of the dynamic series of the liquefaction number of the corn starch mixture. In this case, the study presents a sequence of observations of the index of liquefaction, ordered depending on the increase in the dosage of amylopectin corn starch in the corn starch mixture. The liquefaction number for corn starch mixture consisting of fine corn flour (GOST 14176) and corn amylopectin starch (GOST 32159) in the ratio: 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90, 0:100 were received by calculation. Exponential smoothing of the dynamic series of the liquefaction number of corn starch mixture makes it possible to obtain a reliable forecast of the dynamics of the quality indicator at the liquefaction process in the specified interval. The standard errors of the predicted values of the liquefaction number of corn starch mixture at a dosage of amylopectin corn starch in a mixture from 0% to 35.0 % inclusive are within the convergence requirements of GOST 30498 (ISO 3093) for measurement results. A stable growth in the dynamics of the number of liquefaction of corn starch mixture is provided when replacing corn flour with amylopectin corn starch in an amount of not more than 35.0 %.

The statistical description of the development of dynamic processes in time is carried out using time series. To eliminate random fluctuations and build an analytical function of the trend of the time series, an analytical alignment procedure is used. The choice of the type of the trend function is carried out by the method of finite differences, the calculation of the trend parameters ‒ by the method of least squares. The purpose of this work was the analytical alignment of the time series of the liquefaction number of the corn starch mixture obtained in the experiment on the PChP-99 device. The mechanism of starch gelatinization with a given liquefaction rate under such conditions requires additional theoretical and experimental study. Calculations have shown that the process of liquefaction of starch gel corresponds to the exponential trend equation: y = a • ebt, which is a particular case of an exponential trend. It has been experimentally established that an increase in the proportion of amylopectin starch in a corn starch mixture leads to an increase in the maximum viscosity of the resulting gel when the swelling water-starch suspension is heated. In the process of further gelatinization of corn starch mixture with an increase in the proportion of amylopectin starch, the strength of the gel decreases due to the preservation of the mobility of water molecules during the transition in the sol-gel system, which contributes to an increase in liquefaction number. Experimental data do not contain anomalous values; the error in approximating the regression equation for the trend of the time series is less than 5 %. The statistical significance of the coefficients of the linearized trend equation is proved in favor of the hypothesis of the existence of a time series. The obtained estimates of the regression equation make it possible to use it for predictive purposes, providing an accuracy of up to 95.42 % of the total variability of the liquefaction number in the absence of autocorrelation of first-order residues. Checking the normality of the distribution of the residual component according to the RS test showed the adequacy of the trend model, the hypothesis of the absence of heteroscedasticity according to the Spearman and Goldfeld-Quandt tests is accepted.

The article presents the results of research on the development of a composition of functional plant raw materials designed to enrich various groups of foodstuffs for the prevention of diseases associated with potassium deficiency in the human body. Potassium deficiency or hypokalemia is one of the most frequent forms of electrolyte imbalance accompanied by severe organ and system disorders. Potassium deficiency occurs for a variety of reasons, but recently, according to numerous sources, there is a high frequency of hypokalemia in patients with coronavirus infection. Improvement of the availability of this macronutrient can be achieved primarily by increasing its intake into the body through specialized food products. As a natural source of potassium in the products of functional purpose it is advisable to use compositions of wild plant raw materials, the chemical composition of which contains a significant amount of potassium. Experimentally we have established such types of plant raw materials: common oregano (lat. Oríganum vulgáre, grass), black currant (lat. Ríbes nígrum, leaves), small bramble (lat. Lémna mínor, leaves), common blueberry (lat. Vaccinium myrtillus L, leaves), common thyme (lat. Thimus serpyllum L, grass). Designing the composition of the phytocomposition was carried out by the method of planning experiments for the composition of mixtures. By using the procedure Plan for surfaces and mixtures with the constraints of the module Planning experiments package STATISTICA 10 was generated plan of experiments, studies were conducted to determine the quantitative content of potassium in the experimental samples, carried out mathematical processing of the results obtained scientifically validated optimal component composition of the composition of plant raw materials, in which the potassium content is - 1072.8 mg/100 g (33.53% of the recommended daily intake), which meets the requirements of GOST P 52349-2005 and confirmed

The article describes the characteristics and properties of natural honey varieties - buckwheat and sunflower. It also presents their comparative analysis of chemical composition, quality indicators, enzyme activity, antioxidant activity, vitamin C content and microbiological indicators. The innovative method of  sugar-free jelly marmalade production based on honey by injection molding into a polymeric barrier shell is described. It has been stated that the replacement of white sugar and starch syrup by natural honey in  jelly marmalade recipe leads to sugar and calorie content decrease of the product, an increase in its nutritional value, antioxidant activity, antibacterial properties due to the application with honey essential substances for a human body  (vitamins of group B, C, antioxidants, antiseptics, enzymes, minerals, etc.). The use of a new method of forming and marmalade packaging  in a polymer barrier shell leads to an extension of marmalade shelf life up to 6 months. Analysis of changes in the quality of jelly marmalade samples showed that moisture removal, and with it the process of drying after storage for 180 days, occurs more intensively – 2.2 times in a sample of marmalade packed according to traditional technology, while the content of reducing substances (to the total mass of dried marmalade) in this sample increased by 11.3 %. Daily consumption of the developed product helps to increase immunity, vitality, it normalizes metabolism, strengthens heart muscle, nervous system, it also improves food absorption, work of the gastrointestinal tract, etc. The developed dietary marmalade can be recommended primarily to children during their growth, the elderly people, athletes and adults with heavy physical exertion, obese as well.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) refers to polymers that have great potential for medical and technical applications. Especially, the possibility of its medical application in nanofibres is of great interest due to its good water solubility, high biocompatibility and non-toxicity. PVA is used for various pharmaceutical and biomedical purposes, as a carrier for the delivery of proteins and drugs, as dressings, filter materials, and as artificial organs. Currently, many drug delivery systems have been developed, such as hydrogels or complex electronic microchips. Nanostructural materials are particularly advantageous for rapid drug release due to their high surface area to volume ratio. Both natural and synthetic polymers can be used to produce nanofiber materials, but the combination of different polymers (synthetic and natural) and the incorporation of various biologically active substances into them provides special properties to the finished materials. In this work, the properties of aqueous solutions based on polyvinyl alcohol were investigated: electrical conductivity, viscosity and pH. The influence of technological parameters of electroforming process on obtaining nanofibers from aqueous solutions of PVA. The optimum PVA concentration for the formation of nanostructures was determined equal to 8 wt.%. At this concentration, the PVA solution has electrical conductivity, viscosity and pH equal to 571 µS/cm, 107.23 mPa·s and 6.14 respectively. As part of the study, the electroforming process parameters were obtained to enable the production of nanofibers with a diameter of about 170 nm: distance between needle and collector 140 mm, spinning solution feed rate 0.2 ml/h and voltage between needle and collector 30 kV.

The objective of this work is simulating municipal solid waste gasification in fixed bed reactor. A comprehensive process model developed to simulate municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification in fixed bed reactor using an Aspen Plus  simulation .To predict and analyze the  municipal  solid  waste  pyrolysis and gasification process in an updraft fixed bed more veritably and appropriately, numerical modeling based on Gibbs energy minimization was executed using the Aspen plus software v(9). Rstoic is a block that can be used to simulate a reactor with the unknown or unimportant reaction kinetic  that  will  describe  drying  section(moisture evaporated).The Ryield model was  describe the pyrolysis section, while the Rgibbs model was used  for  gasification section individually .The  proposed  model is used to forecast and analyze target performance  parameter including syngas composition, lower heating value and carbon conversion rate under different conditions of  gasification temperature , and ratios. The results indicate that  is a good agreement between data and simulated data obtained using this model .The predicted  optimum  gasification temperature is about approximately 750°C, and the best ratio  of air equivalent ratio is around 0.2 and feed rate 200 kg /hr.

Liquid extraction is a well-known separation process that has been widely used in the chemical industry for many years, for example, in the selective purification of oil fractions, in the purification of liquefied gases from hydrogen sulfide, in the production of petrochemicals, in the recovery of metals, in nuclear fusion, in food and pharmaceutical industry. On-going elaborations aimed at engineering solution search in order to improve mass-transfer processes are in progress on a permanent basis. Combination of trays and packing in the fractionator results in stream disequilibrium which leads to worse hydrodynamic conditions in the splitter (extraction, rectifier tower and etc.) and causes significant difficulties in stable operating process maintaining.  The study objective is to review the structure of stream structures in the extraction tower via examples of trays and packing combinations since the mentioned contact devices are widely used in industry but they are conventionally applied as individual contact devices and not in combination. Combination of the above contact devices may earn a supplementary synergetic effect. In the course of the experiment it was found out and described in graphic format that stream disequilibrium could be eliminated and hydrodynamic conditions in the extraction tower could be improved via extra stream supply in the tower shell. Research will be useful for the development of new designs of column equipment, for example, extraction. In order to expand the experiment in various hydrodynamic modes, it is proposed to simulate the experiment using, for example, the Solid Works 2020 software package and, in particular, one of its add-ons - Flow Simulation.

Today, waste electrical and electronic equipment has lead a number of global problems and their solution is as urgent as other environmental problems. The article explores the issues related with potential danger of e-waste to human health. Definitions of some important terms on e-waste are given related with topic of the article are given. Reference is made to the international E-waste Directives (these terms are absent in the environmental law of the Azerbaijan Republic). In countries the selective waste collection which are not used classified, the main e-waste disposal types and their characteristics is shown in the article. Moreover, an example of recycling of some harmful and dangerous electronic waste in Azerbaijan is given. Collected, systematized and classified information from a number of international normative documents and journals. The expediency of carrying out the classification of waste according to the criterion "hazardous-safe" has been substantiated. The main goal of the study is to identify the causal relationship between hazardous waste and their deterimental effects. Four related factors- hazards components, harmful environment which they, cause dangerous effect to human health and pathology. In the preparative the article, general methods and techniques of the systemic approach as well as scientific analysis and synthesis, were used in comparison and generalization of the results. As an information base of the article, materials of a number of international normative acts and normative acts of the CIS countries and authoritative journals on this topic were used. The results of the research can be used by specialists dealing with the problems of e-waste, students studying the subjects " Ecological engineering ", "Ecology and Life Safety", as well as those who are interested in healthy lifestyle and safety.

The article proposes the improvement of adsorption and absorption plants for the recovery of naphtha vapors through the use of a sulfur compounds purification unit. This unit allows you to remove environmentally hazardous sulfur components from naphtha vapors, which adversely affect adsorption filters, without increasing the temperature and significant pressure drop of the gas-air mixture. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that marine terminals are objects of significant emissions of hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds. Intensive evaporation of naphtha during the filling process leads to air pollution and loss of valuable product. Vapor recovery units with a desulfurization unit are designed to solve the problem, however, their implementation at loading facilities requires the installation of additional flow stimulators and, as a rule, additional electricity consumption. The main purpose of the study was to find ways to improve environmental safety and improve adsorption and absorption vapor recovery units at existing sea tanker loading facilities, taking into account the current level of their technical equipment. It established that the use of the proposed desulphurization unit makes it possible to expect a reduction in energy consumption due to the absence of flow stimulators (gas blowers), as well as an increase in the operation of adsorption filters by 35-45%. The effectiveness of modeling the purification of low-pressure gas from hydrogen sulfide has been confirmed by studies on a laboratory installation including a desulfurization reactor. Purification of gas from hydrogen sulfide using a chelated iron complex ensures the conversion of hydrogen sulfide into sulfur, while the residual content of hydrogen sulfide can be reduced to less than 1 ppm. The implementation of catalytic purification by a chelated iron complex in a disk film apparatus makes it possible to purify the gas-air mixture from hydrogen sulfide impurities.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a promising polymer for the production of materials with desired properties, primarily water solubility and biodegradability. The main reason for limiting the use of film materials based on PVA is the lack of a mechanism for regulating the rate of their dissolution. Purpose of work: evaluation of the strength characteristics and water resistance of PVA films and PVA:MC composites when crosslinked with boric acid, depending on the amount of borate introduced into the polymer matrix. The objects of the study were 8 experimental samples: No. 1 - a film of unmodified PVA grade KurarayPoval 3-83, plasticized with glycerin, obtained by pouring from a 5% solution; No. 2-4 - PVA films modified with boric acid in various amounts, obtained similarly to sample No. 1; No. 5 - a plate of PVA:MC composite (50:50 wt.%), obtained by liquid-phase combination of PVA unmodified with boric acid and microcellulose dispersion, followed by dehydration in air; No. 6-8 - plates of the PVA:MC composite (50:50 wt.%), obtained on the basis of PVA modified with various amounts of boric acid, similarly to sample No. 5. As a result of the study, it was found that the modification ("crosslinking") of PVA grade KurarayPoval 3-83 with boric acid is accompanied by an increase in the viscosity of PVA (which manifests itself in the clouding of the films during dehydration), an increase in strength indicators in proportion to the amount of borate ion introduced into the PVA polymer matrix, but at At the same time, the water resistance of the modified PVA films increases to a certain limit of the borate content (in particular, with the introduction of 0.075 and 0.15 ml of boric acid per 1 ml of PVA, the films did not dissolve within 1 week of exposure to water at t = 20 °C, but with the introduction of 0.30 ml of boric acid per 1 ml of PVA, the film dissolved in 3 hours of exposure, for comparison, unmodified PVA of the specified brand dissolves in water at n.o. for 10 minutes).

The quantum-chemical method of the density functional DFT B3LYP / 6-311G ** have been used for calculation of thermodynamic functions and changes in the total electronic energy during the initiation of sulfur vulcanization of isoprene rubber using the N - cyclohexyl - 2 benzthiazolyl sulfenamide accelerator in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Since sulfur, in the process of vulcanization of rubber compounds, is in a larger amount in a dissolved state, unlike oxygen, it is concluded that in the presence of sulfur, the formation of a valid vulcanization agent (DAV) will occur, and oxidation will occur to a lesser extent. When comparing the values of the reaction energy with the addition of the S8 molecule, it was found that sulfur in the accelerator radical acceptance reactions is a more active acceptor than oxygen in similar reactions. The effect of the number of sulfur atoms on the activity of the radicals of the sulfidating complex arising upon the acceptance of sulfur by the radicals formed during the decay of the accelerator is analyzed. It was found that the cyclohexyl radicals of the accelerator are the most active, however, in subsequent reactions of DAV with rubber, the radicals of DAV obtained with the participation of benzthiazolyl fragments are more active. The study of the effect of the number of atoms on the energies of the reactions of the formation of persulfhydryl suspensions shows that the primary suspensions are most likely to contain 8 sulfur atoms formed in reactions involving biradicals formed during the decay of the eight-membered ring of a sulfur molecule

Polymer composite materials (PCM) have found wide application in various industries due to the ability to create low-weight products with specified operational properties. During operation, composite products are exposed to static and cyclic loads, climatic and many other factors. Evaluation of the fatigue strength of composite materials and the influence of various additives and modifiers on it is an urgent scientific and practical task. The article describes the technology of obtaining PCM with various types of hybrid matrices formed by the main binder material and the material representing an independent "liquid" phase in the composite structure. Based on the analysis of the kinetics of curing, anaerobic polymer material (Loctite 638), silicone elastomer (Unisil-9628) and synthetic wax were selected as the materials of the components of the "liquid" phase. Fatigue strength assessment tests were carried out by applying cyclically varying tension-compression loads to the samples. The load during cyclic tests was 70% of the static tensile strength of the samples. The residual strength was evaluated by testing the tensile strength of the samples until complete destruction after cyclic loading. The results of fatigue strength tests of carbon fiber plastics with various types of hybrid matrices (formed by various components of the "liquid" phase) are presented. The analysis of the results showed that the use of an anaerobic polymer material as a component of the "liquid" phase of the hybrid matrix makes it possible to increase both the initial static strength of the material (by ~ 1%) and the residual strength after cyclic loading (by ~ 11%) compared with these indicators obtained during the testing of control samples. After performing cyclic loading, carbon fiber plastics with anaerobic polymer material and silicone elastomer have an increase in residual strength compared to previously performed static tensile tests by ~ 8% and ~13%, respectively. The use of an anaerobic polymer material and silicone elastomer as a component of the "liquid" phase makes it possible to increase the modulus of elasticity of carbon fiber plastics after cyclic loading by ~ 13% and 5%, respectively, compared with the results of preliminary static tests.

Currently, the use of polymer composite materials for road markings, in particular thermoplastics based on petroleum polymer resins, is promising. The effectiveness of the use of such road marking materials and their service life mainly depend on the formulations of thermoplastic compositions for marking and technologies for their production. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the adhesive interaction of microdolomite modified by organosilanes and thermoplastic petroleum polymer resin to impart increased operational properties of the road marking composition. To increase the adhesive affinity in the polymer system:filler it is proposed to modify the microdolomite with organosilane of the AGM-9 brand, which contains a hydrolyzable silicon-functional group and a non-hydrolyzable organofunctional group in the composition of the bifunctional molecule, which provides organofunctional properties to the inorganic surface of the filler. To create marking thermoplastics with a long service life in this work, it was proposed to use a combined combination of modified and unmodified microdolomite. It was discovered that the mixture of modified and unmodified microdolomite in the range of 10-15:85-90 leads to an increase in strength up to 7 MPa, which is higher than the permissible value of at least 5 MPa, while the ability to strain stretching and elongation at break decreases from 5 to 3%, which is also higher than the permissible value of at least 3%. The developed composite marking material based on domestic petroleum polymer resin and a combined filler of the MD40 brand with a combination of modified and unmodified microdolomite in a ratio of 12.5:87.5 has optimal strength-elasticity characteristics that meet the requirements for road marking materials and long-term abrasion resistance of up to 4 thousand cycles.

Currently, in the formulations of conveyor belts, polybutadiene rubber used with a content of up to 50 mass parts to improve the strength and wear resistance of rubbers. The results of a study of the properties of covering rubber compounds and rubbers based on a combination of polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymer and polybutadiene used for the manufacture of conveyor belts were presented. The use of modified "neodymium" polybutadiene (SKD-ND-M), in the preparation of which a polyfunctional heterocyclic compound was used as a modifier, was proposed in the formulation of the lining of conveyor belts. This sample was characterized by an increased content of 1,4-cis units, a narrow MWD and a Mooney viscosity at the level of rubbers obtained without a modifier. We used serial brands of rubbers obtained on different catalytic systems: titanium (SKD) and neodymium (SKD-ND) as reference samples. A significant reduction in energy consumption in the manufacture of rubber compounds based on modified rubber in comparison with the rubber compound based on SKD was noted. It has been established that the use of SKD-ND-M instead of SKD made it possible to achieve an improvement in the technological properties of rubber compounds and their vulcanization characteristics, to ensure the required level of physical and mechanical properties of vulcanizates and performance indicators of lining rubbers. An improvement in the tear resistance of rubbers, as well as in compression set at 100°C and 125°C, when using modified "neodymium" polybutadiene in the lining rubber formulation instead of SKD rubber, was revealed. Replacing SKD-ND with a modified analogue provided a reduction in the abrasion rate of the conveyor belt lining, which will positively affect the increase in the service life of products based on it.

One of the most important characteristics of structural materials is their stiffness. Ensuring the required stiffness is the key to durability and efficient operation of the structure. Variation in the compositions of polymer composite materials (PCM), the introduction of various additives and modifiers into their structure leads to changes not only in the operational properties of composites, but also in their stiffness. Achieving a positive effect on a number of some properties can lead to the loss of others. This article describes the technology of forming polymer composite materials with a hybrid matrix. The peculiarity of these materials is that the hybrid matrix is formed by two materials, one of which (the main binder) is completely cured after molding, and the second retains its "liquid" state and represents a separate phase in the composite structure. Such PCM have a variable stiffness of material, which makes it necessary to experimentally study the effect of the quantity and location scheme of the "liquid" phase component on this indicator. The technology of the laboratory method for determining the stiffness of PCM samples is described, which consists in measuring the maximum deflection of a flat sample under the action of a statically applied load. The measurement was carried out on carbon fiber reinforced plastic samples with a hybrid matrix formed by an epoxy binder and a silicone elastomer. The influence of the amount and location scheme of silicone elastomer in the composite structure, as well as the scale effect on the maximum deflection was evaluated. The amount of silicone elastomer was taken in a total of 0.25 mL and 0.50 mL in all locations, varying the number of locations and their direction relative to the length of the sample. It was found that the longitudinal location of silicone elastomer in PCM samples leads to the greatest decrease in their rigidity. The amount of silicone elastomer in the location zone does not significantly affect the change in the stiffness of the samples. Increasing the number of layers of reinforcing fabric by 2 times allows to reduce the deflection of the test samples by 7–10 times depending on the applied load. Doubling the width of samples and silicone elastomer locations results in a 2-fold reduction in maximum deflection. With an increase in the thickness of PCM in samples with silicone elastomer, the values of maximum deflection under the action of various statically applied loads are similar to the values of this parameter of carbon fibers of the same thickness without a component of the "liquid" phase.

The issues of ecological and economic assessment of the consequences of violation of regulatory requirements for the protection of water bodies are considered. A comparative analysis of the current methods for determining the amount of damage caused to water bodies in violation of water protection requirements and the amount of prevented damage to water resources as a result of the activities of environmental authorities has been carried out. It is shown that the standard of payment for a ton of toxicant entering a water body, depending on the values of maximum permissible concentrations, is essentially similar to the coefficient of relative ecological and economic danger of a pollutant discharged into a water body, also depending on the values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxicants and their hazard classes. It is established that the indicator of specific damage to water bodies can be comparable with the coefficient characterizing natural and climatic factors and the indicator depending on the multiplicity of excess of the concentration of the toxicant in the discharge above its background concentration in the water body. A fairly close convergence of the calculated data on determining the amount of damage in accordance with the methodology for assessing damage to water bodies due to violations of water legislation and the amount of the fee for exceeding the permitted discharge has been established. Maximum deviations were noted for the toxicological groups of low-risk toxicants. The coefficients of adaptation of the financial assessment of damage to water bodies caused as a result of emergency discharges of pollutants and the amount of damage caused as a result of violation of water protection requirements are obtained.

This article reveals the economic prospects of using PR communications as a tool to improve the effectiveness of marketing services in the tourism sector. The ways of increasing user interest in travel agency websites and increasing the conversion of the project through contextual advertising, as well as other ways to increase the attendance of websites of organizations in the field of tourism are considered. The metrics of web analytics are considered, showing the economic efficiency of advertising based on the development of PR communications, since for the competent promotion of a tourist product, it is necessary to be able to analyze business metrics in order to assess the economic efficiency of business processes: what kind of advertising brought sales and revenue, how best to allocate the budget, which PR communication turned out to be unprofitable and should be abandoned. Therefore, it is so important from the point of view of modern trends in the economy to take into account and consider the main criteria for the effectiveness of PR communications and the prospects for their implementation in the tourism sector as the main type of advertising for the consumer. The article discusses the specifics of the promotion of services on the Internet, which allows taking into account the individual characteristics of each client. This is due to the fact that identifying the target audience is very important, because it allows the company to achieve marketing goals as profitably as possible. This inevitably leads to lower costs and profit due to the economic efficiency of the advertising campaign.

The process-value analysis of labor results is focused on the assessment of the level, structure and dynamics of added value, which is considered as the main source of achieving the interests of personnel, owners and the state. When assessing the proportions of value added distribution that ensure the parity of interests of key stakeholders, as a rule, the mass of mandatory payments generated in the form of value added tax is underestimated. The main goal of this study is to adapt existing methodological approaches to evaluating the results of the work of personnel of telecommunication companies in order to improve their analytical suitability based on evaluation procedures that ensure the realization of the benefits of process cost business analysis. The developed methodological approach is based on distributed value added assessment. In particular, the following are evaluated sequentially (in five stages): 1) the share of value added in total income, taking into account receipts from other types of activities; 2) the level of income of the staff, as the basis for increasing the motivation and quality of work; 3) the share of personnel income in value added and mandatory payments generated during its creation; 4) the level of labor productivity; 5) the ratio of the rate of dynamics of productivity and wages. In order to increase the reliability of the conclusions based on the data of the process-cost analysis of labor results, three zones of interest were identified (by the number of key stakeholders), for each of which corrective operations are provided that provide not only the possibility of conducting a retrospective analysis, but also predicting the possibility of parity of interests. Approbation of the proposed assessment procedures was carried out based on the materials of three telecommunications companies in the Voronezh region for 2017-2019. Based on the results obtained, a conclusion was made about the possibility of creating services with high added value, an adequate level of remuneration for the personnel of telecommunication companies at the regional level, and certain disproportions in the distribution of value added. The expediency of a criteria-based assessment of the dynamic ratio of labor productivity and its payment is proved when the required level of results is achieved at the previous stages of the assessment.

In conditions of severe political pressure on the Russian economy, sanctions and instability, enterprises in many industries are on the verge of survival. That is why the issues of optimizing all processes and reducing losses are becoming especially relevant now. A higher level of production efficiency can be ensured by the introduction of lean production tools and methods at enterprises. The authors of the article consider the practice of applying the concept of lean production in foreign and Russian companies, conduct a comparative analysis of the main indicators obtained from the implementation of saving technologies in them, identify the reasons for the lag of domestic enterprises according to these indicators. The article notes that, unfortunately, a significant number of defective products, the presence of excessive stocks and excessive duration of the production cycle still remain characteristic of most Russian enterprises. The basis of the research in the article is the enterprise "FKP "NPO "Kazan Precision Engineering Plant", which is at the initial stages of the implementation of this concept. On the example of the fuse housing, the optimization of the production process for its manufacture is considered in detail. The general procedure for carrying out these works is outlined, which consists in systematizing production losses, identifying the main problems that cause them, determining the rank of problems and developing a set of measures to eliminate them using lean production methods. Further, for each identified problem, solutions are proposed and their impact on production is determined. It is noted that the total economic effect of the implementation of these measures will be approximately 47%, which proves the need to continue this work in other areas of production.

The work noted the relevance of the chosen topic at present, related to the ever-increasing world military budgets. The importance of the index of military power was emphasized, an analysis of its values in dynamics over the past 3 years was carried out in the context of the countries at the top of the rating. A methodology for calculating parameters related to the military power of the state is proposed - one of the strongest means of achieving political goals. Based on the analysis of the military power of the state, a mechanism for the functioning and development of military potential in cooperation with structural components within the framework of the total potential is presented. The military power of the state is, along with the structural components considered, a set of individual elements and organizations that function and perform their specific tasks. To create and ensure the effective functioning of this set of organizations, the amount of forces and means that forms the military power of the state is used. The relationship between the level of military potential, the state of the Armed Forces and the parties to the public life of the state was studied. The reasons for the high rating of military power in the USA, Russia, China, India and Japan in modern conditions have been identified. The general trend of the military power index values in the analyzed countries for 2019-2021 has been analyzed. Economic problems of increasing military power were noted and possible directions of their solution were indicated

The relevance of the article is due to the specifics of the design of asynchronous electric motors associated with high demand, in production, in electric machines. To date, the development of the state is actively seeking to reduce the use of internal combustion engines. To ensure this transition, countries are creating new charging stations for electric vehicles. The share of sales of electric motors is continuously growing every year. According to Rosstat for 2019, the purchase rate of electric vehicles is 2.5%, in 2020 - 4.6%, and in 2021 - 6.4%. Currently, the market of ready-made electric motors is not able to meet the production demand. In addition, knowledge of the design features of asynchronous electric motors, the ability to navigate certain market trends, will allow you to make informed management decisions in the production and promotion of products. Also, the use of asynchronous electric motors in the production activities of business entities allows not only to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise, through resource minimization, but also to respond to modern needs in compliance with environmental safety requirements. The article discusses the advantages and features of the use of various types of electric motors in production. The specific conditions of their effective use are highlighted, with different capacities, production volumes, etc. Statistical analysis of the use of asynchronous electric motors in the Russian industry demonstrates data that form the prospects for the development of this type of production, which will contribute to the growth of economic indicators in the Russian market for the production of environmentally friendly technological solutions.

The pandemic has affected almost all spheres of life of modern civilization. One of the technological forms of overcoming this global problem is digitalization, which is a window of opportunity to get out of the crisis. Society had to quickly rebuild itself in the conditions of the compression of traditional markets, the replacement of a number of professions with automated systems, and the growth of cybercrime. In responding to these challenges, the issues of digital economy analysis presented in this study come to the fore. o study the development of the digital economy, the following quantitative indicators were selected: the proportion of organizations using digital technologies, the number of personal computers in the surveyed organizations, including those with access to global information networks, the proportion of organizations using the Internet, data on the use of information and communication technologies in organizations by type of economic activity, the proportion of organizations using special software, as well as data on the use of information and communication technologies in organizations by collective classification groupings of economic activities. As a result, it was revealed that Russia lags behind the leading countries in terms of the level of development of the information society and the digital economy. The most popular digital technologies turned out to be cloud services, which relieve companies from the need to create their own digital infrastructure for data storage. The tendency of reduction of personal computers by organizations and the share of enterprises using software has been revealed, which indicates the predominantly remote nature of work during the pandemic. The importance of investing in the installation of specialized software and training personnel to work with software and digital literacy is noted. The coronavirus pandemic as a whole has helped Russian companies to begin restructuring their business organization towards digitalization. Institutions that ensure the development of the Russian digital economy are encouraged in almost all government programs and activities aimed at improving information and communication technologies and creating conditions for the use of digital services in business.

The article analyzes the possibilities and results of the study of the formation of competitive advantages of the Russian economy and regions in industry due to new industrialization, which are based on the economic base of the country, which was confirmed by the analysis of the main economic indicators of the Russian industry for 2017–2021. A study of the prospects and results of the development of industrialization in the Voronezh region was conducted using statistical, expert and marketing methods, taking into account the long-term forecasts of the development of the region. It is shown that the new industrialization provides for the active expansion of markets for domestic products and the diversification of high-tech enterprises; the creation of investment projects for the construction and re-equipment of industrial production; expansion of infrastructure and support for the development of an industrial park, a special economic zone, a territory of advanced socio-economic development; increasing investments in fixed assets and solving import substitution issues, which will lead to an improvement in the quality of life of the population of the region by eliminating unemployment. A great contribution to the achievement of the indicators of the region was achieved thanks to a set of measures implemented during the implementation of the strategic project "New Industrialization". Industrial production in 2021 increased by 15.2% compared to 2019, including in the manufacturing sector - by 14.6%. Positive dynamics of the industry of the Voronezh region in 2020–2021. also provided state support measures, such as the lifting of severe restrictions during the self-isolation regime. An important role in the growth of the industry of the region was played by enterprises of a continuous cycle - Minudobreniya, the plant of semiconductor devices Mikron and Voronezhsintezkauchuk, an enterprise of the Sibur holding.

Today, in an unstable international political situation, the urgent issue of ensuring national and regional economic security is more urgent than ever. Ensuring the stability of indicators of economic processes is to develop and improve a flexible system of protection measures against adverse external and internal factors and threats. It is the minimization of the impact of threats, as well as ensuring the stability and security of the economy in critical conditions that constitutes the essence of economic security. Based on objective and subjective factors, the subjects of the Russian Federation differ significantly in the level of socio-economic development and, as a result, in the level of economic security. Such a spread cannot but affect the level of security of the entire state. Regional specifics must necessarily be applied when assessing threats to economic security at the country level. In 2019–2020, the COVID pandemic significantly affected the state of not only regional, but also national economic security. The measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation to stabilize the economic situation had a positive effect, but cost significant additional costs to both federal and regional budgets. Despite government support for business, there was a decline in the quality of life in the country, an increase in unemployment due to the reduction of staff by many enterprises, a reduction in workers' wages and other socio-economic phenomena that we consider as sources of risks and threats to economic security. As part of the study, an analysis of the state of economic security of the Voronezh region was carried out, threats to its economic security were identified and assessed. The state of economic security of the region in the period under study was negatively affected by: a significant increase in inflation against the background of the global crisis in 2020, a decrease in the share of investments in fixed assets, a drop in the index of industrial production, a drop in innovation activity, an increase in social tension. At the same time, the retail trade turnover per capita was marked by positive dynamics, the share of citizens with incomes below the subsistence minimum decreased, and the gross regional product grew. Among the threats to the economic security of the region, the most dangerous are: the increase in prices for goods and services, the slowdown in the growth of innovation and investment activity, the deterioration of the social sphere.

In any country of the world, the issues of the development of the energy industry today are very resonant in view of the dependence on it of all subjects of industry and ordinary households. The increasing volumes of consumption of electric and other types of energy on a global scale for production purposes justify the importance of maintaining energy sources in working condition. At the same time, the limited quantity and low rates of restoration of the corresponding natural resources as non-renewable energy sources confirm the need for qualitative modernization of the ways of their use. In addition, the issues of optimizing energy consumption and achieving a more efficient ratio of energy production and its use are of particular importance. Thus, an increase in renewable energy sources in the structure of energy consumption of industrial facilities in the regions, as well as the decentralization of the energy market will have favorable economic consequences and will have an impact on the growth of the country's economy as a whole. In the current conditions, the problems of energy consumption in the industrial sector are ambiguous and require special approaches to solving optimization problems, taking into account current trends in energy consumption, as well as the specifics of the geographical location of the region.

The article is devoted to the assessment of the expected economic effect from the introduction of the developed innovative flour products into production (bread made of wheat flour with a reduced salt content, gluten-free cupcake). Based on the analysis of the current state and prospects for the development of the bakery industry, it is proposed, using diversification methods, to expand the range of flour products produced using non-traditional prescription components of vegetable raw materials, in particular, products of processing of tomato fruits and oilseed flax seeds. The author's innovative solutions are aimed at improving the consumer properties of the product by changing the chemical composition, as well as increasing the competitiveness of the product and rationalizing the use of basic resources (material, financial). All this, in the end, will contribute to an increase in the efficiency of domestic bakery production. It is proposed to use new approaches to calculating the efficiency of the production and marketing of innovative products based on the assessment of the cost of sales and profit based on a given minimum level of profitability of 20%. In addition, a comparative analysis of the key indicators of the production of flour products using traditional and modified technology is given. Calculations have shown that the value of the economic efficiency of the sale of 1 ton of developed wheat bread with a reduced salt content and with a reduced glycemic index "Aromatic" will be 10.50 – 12.44 thousand. wheat bread with flax seeds and clarified tomato juice "Lenya" – 12.87 – 16.47 thousand rubles, gluten-free cupcakes "Fantasia" – 27.73 – 29.35 thousand rubles. The results obtained convincingly indicate the economic efficiency and expediency of introducing the developed innovative technologies of flour products into industrial production.

The article provides an overview of possible mechanisms for import substitution of information technologies in the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Changes in the field of international relations directly affected the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The withdrawal of Western partners from the market, all kinds of restrictions and disruption of supply chains have become a real challenge for Russian agribusiness. These difficulties will become a powerful impetus for the development of domestic production, which will make it possible to occupy vacant niches, reorient cargo flows, increase import substitution, accelerate automation and digitalization of processes, and, ultimately, reach a new level of economic development of the agro-industrial complex. To a large extent, it is information technology (IT) that will become an indicator that determines how successfully enterprises in the industry will develop in the short and long term. The development of the agro-industrial complex is a fundamental direction in any economy, as it is an important strategic factor influencing the socio-economic stability of society as a whole. Comprehensive and effective development of the agro-industrial complex is impossible without the use of advanced digital technologies. Digital transformation will contribute to the development of domestic robotics and the entire IT market. The growth rate of digitalization of the agro-industrial complex in recent years, and its share in Russia's GDP, is still lagging behind the leading economies of the world. Currently, in the Russian Federation, through the implementation of the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation" and the departmental project "Digital Agriculture" of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, as well as by creating conditions for advanced development and import substitution, the number of investment projects for the construction and reconstruction of agricultural facilities is growing. The latest equipment and technologies require a high degree of automation and the use of advanced digital solutions, and therefore the digital transformation of food production and, in general, all areas of the agro-industrial complex is gaining momentum.

The article reveals the current state of the domestic market of the feed industry of the Russian Federation, provides data on production volumes and pricing policy in the field of feed and premixes. The main problems associated with ensuring the stable development of the feed industry in the conditions of global instability are outlined. The production volumes of the industry are increasing every year. According to Rosstat, in 2021, the volume of feed production in Russia amounted to 31.9 million tons, which is about 1.1 million tons, or 3.4%, more than a year earlier. At the same time, in the overall structure of production, the share of compound feed for poultry accounted for 49.0% of the total production volume (15,719.6 thousand tons), the share of compound feed for pigs and cattle, respectively, 41.9% (13,421.3 thousand . t) and 8.4% (2,680.3 thousand tons), for other animals - 0.7% (239.5 thousand tons). There are practically no strategic stocks of feed additives in the country, but grain stocks are still stable. The main difficulties that the feed industry is already facing are the statuses of importers of feed additives that are not fully understood. The study made it possible to form a general idea of the current state and development trends of domestic feed production and its raw materials. Not only the stable and progressive future of the domestic feed industry, but also the provision of the country's food security depends on the quality and efficiency of making managerial decisions on these problems.

The article deals with issues related to optimizing the flows of investment resources for the development of innovative activities at the enterprise. The purpose of optimizing the flows of investment resources for the development of innovative activities at the enterprise is to increase the efficiency of activities, expressed in capturing commercial markets through the introduction of competitive innovative products and increasing the profitability of investments, as well as in maintaining the qualifications of personnel and efficient and timely renewal of production assets. Consequently, the optimization of innovation and investment activities at enterprises will be such coordinated and mutually conditional strategies for directing investment resources and selecting innovative projects, in which the enterprise will be able to achieve its strategic goals under conditions of continuity of the innovation process and uninterrupted financing, which will allow the enterprise to offer new developments and upgraded products in time, responding to the requirements of customers in more perfect products. The authors conducted a factor-by-factor integral investment analysis, which allowed us to determine the degree of dependence of the volume of investments in innovation. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the evaluation results can serve as an information base for making managerial decisions that allow to activate the development of investment processes at the enterprise.

Ensuring the economic security of a macro-region (country, region) is largely characterized by the creation of an effective system for organizing control over financial activities in the state, limiting the outflow of capital from the national economy. This requires a comprehensive solution to the legal, political and administrative task of protecting national interests. One of the priorities in the national security system is the economic security of the state, which is characterized by the presence of a steadily developing economy. The basic indicator of the "economic health" of the state is the presence of a favorable investment climate, which is characterized by the ratio of investment attractiveness and investment risks, which is manifested in the scale, structure and dynamics of investment processes. Modern trends that indicate instability, unfavorable market conditions and lack of transparency in investment activities in the Russian context confirm the relevance and timeliness of this study. An assessment of the impact of investment attractiveness on the economic security of the region showed the following results: the stability of the financial system of the region is gradually declining; there is a colossal dependence of the region's economy on imports; support for the scientific potential of the region is insignificant, which is reflected in the low indicator of education funding; indicators related to the social sphere and the standard of living of the population differ significantly from the threshold values. Underfunding of the social sphere is a trend typical for most regions of the Russian Federation, including economically developed ones.

In an unfavorable period of development of the country's economy, various types of subjective economic behavior, including labor, entrepreneurial, credit, savings behavior, are considered to be more relevant for periods of well-being. However, the degree of its impact on other types of behavior is so great that it cannot be ignored by decision makers in public governance and corporate management. The article analyzes the existing relationships between different types of economic behavior of individuals, the place among them of savings behavior and its impact on other types. The specific forms and results of the observed relationships are largely determined by the types and characteristics of savings behavior. The article attempts to classify the types of savings behavior in order to facilitate the identification and prediction of their impact on other types of economic behavior. In particular, two bases for the classification of savings behavior are proposed: the motivation to save and the share of income directed to savings. When making various decisions at all levels of management, it is necessary to clearly realize that the very fact of the formation of savings, as well as their size, can influence a wide range of actions of an individual in other areas of economic behavior.