The purpose of research is to find optimal conditions for dispersing and subsequent dehydration of liquid food environments in the nozzle spray drying chamber through the study of dynamic changes in viscosity according to temperature, velocities gradients and dry residue content. The objects of study were roasted chicory and malt barley concentrates with dry residue content of 20, 40, 60 and 80%. Research of dynamic viscosity were carried out at the measuring complex based on the rotational viscometer Rheotest II, analog-to-digital converter, module Laurent and a personal computer with a unique software that allows to record in real time (not only on a tape recorder, but also in the form of graphic files) the behavior of the viscosity characteristics of concentrates. Registration of changes of dynamic viscosity was carried out at a shear rate gradient from 1,0 с -1 to 27,0 с -1 and the products temperature thermostating : 35, 55, 75˚ C. The research results are presented in the form of graphic dependences of effective viscosity on shear rate and flow curves (dependencies of shear stresses on the velocity gradient), which defined flow regimes, the optimal modes of dispersion concentrates into spray dryer chambers in obtaining of powdered semi-finished products and instanting were found: dry residue content - 40 %, concentrate temperature - 75 ˚C, velocity gradient in the air channel of the nozzle at least 20 c-1

In article is executed analysis to efficiency of the functioning the cleansing equipment for different type vegetable cheese: potatoes, carrot, pommel and the other type potatoes. He is indicative of that that much of the cleansing equipment uses as worker organ abrasive put, which improvement is one of the directions of increasing to his efficiency and improvements of his field-performance data. Classical model of the motion club is considered In process of the analysis in camera of the cleansing machine. For optimization of the process peelings is installed path of the motion and is calculated corner of the flight club with cone-shaped chalice. When shaping the models is considered apart taken tuber of the potatoes. Expecting his uniform sphere and without regard influence upon it other club, have defined the path of his motion on cone-shaped chalice and corner, under which tuber flies to wall. The Corner of the slopping cone chalices 30 degrees took to horizon. Integrating equation on time, got the equation of the energy balance, from which possible select required for peelings time. The Further analysis conducted the methods of the numerical experiment in system Mathcad. Got in this experiment results allow to optimize the drawing a fixing abrasive bands, taking into consideration designed methods of the shaping for such object, as worker organs cleansing machines, technology of the intermittent fixing covering. The Following stage of modeling expected consideration of the process peelings for collection cleaned club, on which expected the separate cleaned objects (for instance, potato tubers) springy element, changing their (in flat production) hard disk united between itself springy spring. Consideration this elaborated models have allowed to install the frequencies of the free fluctuations of this system and, accordingly, moments of the osculation worker organ that in significant measure defines the topology of the abrasive covering.

Researches on the experimental ultrasonic installation were carried out, using industrial equipment for bottling liquids and ultrasonic apparatus "Volna-M" UZTA-1/22-OM, for clarification and filtering of table wines by tangential microfiltration using membrane ceramic filtering elements with a pore size of 0.2 micron at a pressure of 0.5-2.0 bar. Membrane ultrafiltration upon application of ultrasound of 30-40 microns amplitude and a frequency of 20 kHz ± 1.65 Hz at high filter performance and work stability changes the quantitative content of the valuable wine components slightly. But much attention to the increase of titratable acidity and pH medium due to possible degradation and esterification intensification of higher acids and alcohols was paid. At the same time more intense and rich aroma and distinct flavor with berry notes appears in wine that along with the physical- and chemical indicators helped to improve organoleptic characteristics and to increase the tasting evaluation of wines. At the same time, the content of phenolic and nitrogen compounds is reduced resulting in wines stability to protein and colloidal opacification. It became possible to refuse multiple regeneration of ceramic filter elements for the  ecovery of their performance, as well as the use of preservatives and antiseptics at a high wines bottling stability. It is shown that the filtration with the dosing of ultrasound in the wine industry allows not only reducing the cost of consumables, equipment and removing some of the traditional processes, but also providing the cold sterilization of wine materials with an increase in their quality.

Multicyclonic installations contain up to 15 steps of division (multicyclones). Improvement of work quality at the reduction of quantity of steps of division can be reached by increasing an starch yield from the step with the reduction of an exit of a liquid phase. To achieve that, a connection of three multicyclones according to the cross scheme is used as for a step of division instead of a separate multicyclone. It is shown that at the three multicyclones a step of division of change in redistribution of suspension components is created the design solution of the division step where liquid products are going out with only to liquid ones, and condensed products – only with condensed ones. At this step the starch yield increases in the condensed product while reducing the end product volume; therefore is received in one step the higher quality starch because of its increased quantity in the condensed descent product step. However, at such connection of multicyclones starch gets to a liquid descent of each step, therefore it is condensed additionally to release starch by con-necting of four multicyclones in to one step of division. New multistage multicyclonic installation consists of 12 multicyclones instead of 15 ones. That reduces capital and operational costs. Thus, varying manipulating the scheme of microcyclones connection in the unit, it is possible to receive the required technological result with the improved economic indicators. AllRussian Research Institute of starch products has developed lines of potato processing for dry starch on the basis 10 and 50 t / per day of initial raw materials using hydrocyclone installations. That allows to organize a new production without big capital expenditures. The hydrocyclone design with the changed external way of supply of suspension is developed at which the flow enters the already rotating product to exclude the influence of an inflow on the quality of suspension fractionation.

The methods of study of relaxation processes that are applicable during fish dehydration considering the influence of the chemical composition, geometric size of the processing object and regime parameters of the dehydration processes are developed in this work. The usage of the numerical methods of calculation on the basis of solution of the second-order differential equation with boundary conditions of the third kind allow with sufficient accuracy for engineering practice modeling the different conditions of the dehydration process conducting with periodic restoration of hydraulic conductivity properties of the objects of dehydration. The proposed calculation methods applicable to dehydration processes. Which consists of a continuous initial period and the combined periods of drying fish and relaxation dehydration facility. During the relaxation is provided an exposure to a drying agent for dewatering for a certain time. During relaxation stops the supply of electric power to the heating elements. Reduces the rate of circulation of the drying agent. In the drying installation is supplied with air of lower temperature and higher relative humidity than the drying agent. In drier conditions are created that constrain external mass transfer and promotes relaxation of moisture, that is, to its redistribution in the thickness of the fish. During the relaxation of the moisture is gradually shifting from the central layers where dehydration has not yet come to the dehydrated surface layers. The appearance of moisture inside the dehydrated surface area leads to putting up and expansion of capillaries. At the next interval change product moisture re-enters the dehydration process, the high conductive properties throughout its volume.

Fruit production is an important source of essential nutrients. Currently, consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of healthy eating and the consumption of fruit with high nutritional value. In this regard, the processing technology of fruit raw materials should be directed to the preservation of its taste, color, flavor and nutritional value. Heat treatment is the most common way of food preservation and is carried out under specific temperature-time regimes which can be categorized by intensity of a thermal effect on the product. In this connection, it is proposed to examine the questions of influence of the thermal treatment of directly squeezed apple juice on the properties of the product: antiradical, antioxidant activity, restoring force. Directly squeezed apple juice "Zhiguli" growing in Samara region was taken as the object of the study. We used experimental design method with the processing of the planning matrix. This article gives the description and study of the impact which heating directly squeezed apple juice makes on product properties: antiradical, antioxidant activities, and restoring force. It is shown that the juice heating regime at 115–120 ° C at 120 seconds is the most optimum. A mathematical model describing the influence of these parameters on the properties of ice cream. In this paper we propose a special method of processing databases in the form of tables, which uses methods of interpolation and approximation, choosing the appropriate algebraic polynomials, as well as other analytical dependences are widely used in engineering and technology research practice. This method of analytic extension of tabular data allows to transform the original (primary) table of experimental data in the summary (final) data table, which enables to solve certain problems of statistical and extreme content. This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the basic part of the government task number 2014/199 FSBEI HPE "Samara State Technical University" code 974.

The relevance of herring brine salting at subzero temperatures, taking into account the positive dynamics of its catching, its reserves, a favorable cooling effect on the suppression of microorganizms activity, improvement of product quality and increasing of storage time are indicated in this paper. Changes in such a significant characteristics as the diffusion coefficient in the process of salting at subzero temperatures were studied. Method of photon correlation spectroscopy, based on the Rayleigh scattering of radiation from the substance was used for the study. The experimental diffusion coefficient dependences on the depth of penetration of the salt in brine, skin and meat of herring at temperatures ranging from -16 ° C to -6 ° C were obtained. They are of wave-like nature. The dependence of the diffusion coefficients on subzero temperature ranging from -18 ° C to 0 ° C, and having a harmonic form was also obtained in the work. The resulting temperature gradient is a source of perturbations, giving rise to thermoconvective waves. According to the theoretical research of Academician A.V. Lykov and chemical processes occurring at the border (skin) of phase separation using the basic equation of thermochemistry - Gibbs law, mechanism of thermoconvective waves influencing the diffusion coefficient is explained. A relation between the diffusion coefficients with the size of the diffusing particles, having hyperbolic character in the temperature range from -18 ° C to 0 ° C in the in brine, skin and meat of herring was determined . The possibility of acceleration of salting by means of mechanical impact on the object under study (in particular sound or ultrasound) was expressed. The destruction of the diffusing particles, representing the union of Na+ and Cl- with water molecules, increases the diffusion coefficient.

In the work reviewed and simulated the process of vacuum freeze-drying of granular products with the destruction of the dried layer. As development of this direction serves the method based on removal of the dried product layer from a surface of a granule, formed in the form of spherical bodies and placed in the punched drum. After process of preliminary freezing of a granule get to the punched drum located in the vacuum drying chamber. In case of fixed hashing of granules of a product due to their friction among themselves and about drum walls a dry part of a product undergoes destruction and regularly separates from the refrigerated remaining balance. Process comes to an end when all product in a granule turns into dry powder. For creation of adequate model of process of drying, it is reasonable to consider a separate granule, but not a layer of granules in general, but taking into account influence of granules at each other in the course of drying. For this purpose, the scheme and mathematical description of radiation heat flux of the individual granules of the product. To account for the intermittent nature of exposure to granules suggested ratio and its two alternative approaches to its definition. As well as an algorithm for determining the coefficient that takes into account the one-sided irradiation of the pellets. Formulated mathematical model of the process the vacuum - freeze-drying of granular products, which is a one-dimensional parabolic boundary value problem with moving boundary. It includes the unsteady heat conduction equation, initial condition, boundary conditions and defining a movable boundary conditions. The sought quantities are the temperature field and the free boundary. Explained the origin of the functions of internal heat sources present in the equations of heat conduction.

The mixing of ingredients – the most important process step in the manufacture of fodder pellets. The technology involves using molasses (warmed to 30–40 °C) as a binder. In its composition is administered a mixture of salts of trace elements (copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, cobalt carbonate, potassium iodide, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, sodium selenite), vitamins, salt, magnesium oxide, feed limestone, mono calcium phosphate and lime. Research on the development of feed pellets were carried out in laboratory conditions using experimental equipment. Mixer-reactor created the conditions for heating and temperature control of mass be mixed due to the occurring chemical reaction between water contained in the molasses, and the presence of oxides of calcium and magnesium. The choice of rational parameters of the mixing process upon receipt of fodder pellets allows to provide the high quality product with minimal energy costs. The ranges of the input information factors selected with the aid of a central rotatable uniforms-planning allowed with 56 experiments in a third-multiple replication to obtain the regression equation adequately describing the mixing process. The main factors were: the content of molasses, %; the content of calcium oxide, %; frequency of rotation of the stirrer, rpm; the content of salt in the recipe, %; the temperature of blending, °C. Output factors – productivity, kg/h; energy consumption, kWh; homogeneity of mixing, %. In the result of experiments impact factors and mathematical model of the process that allows to define output parameters within chosen ranges of variation of input factors are obtained. Greatest influence – the content of molasses in the product, the lowest – content of salt in the recipe. Efficiency of mixing hard distributed components pertaining to the most important biologically active substances was evaluated. Content (% of entered) of vitamins and minerals in the pellets did not differ significantly from the values provided by the recipe (not >10%). The degree of homogeneity of the products on the distribution of vitamins and minerals were at the level to 92.4–99.6%.

Modern trends in improving the design of membrane devices for photoautotrophic biosynthesis dependent lighting microorganisms aimed at a significant increase in the productivity of valuable products from biomass of microalgae and obtaining on the basis of their individual useful substances (drugs) used in various industries and medicine. In film devices effectively the processes of heat - and mass-exchange with the gas comes into contact with the culture fluid flowing as a film on a transparent film-forming surface is STI in its light intensity and autotrophic biosynthesis occurs only in the presence of a mixture of air with carbon dioxide. Thus, completely eliminated the accumulation of metabolic products due to their continuous removal from film culture liquid with the process gas, which is not typical for devices of other types. Small size membrane bioreactors may increase the degree of saturation of the liquid carbon dioxide with the possibility of changing the concentration of gas in the culture fluid and to ensure the cultivation of microorganisms with a specified biomass yield. At present up to date-developed a significant number of ways to ensure contact of the gas with the liquid (bubbling, gas-lift, mechanical stirring, jet, membrane, etc.) on the basis of which an industrial bioreactor, with various "stress" effect. It is believed that for the cultivation of the most optimal are bioreactors with mechanical stirring of the liquid, which allow the greatest productivity of biomass. However, the applied model of a mechanical mixing device to create a work whose cavity of the bioreactor chaotic, disorganized mixing, which contributes to the emergence, insufficient for the sustenance of the cell cultures and microorganisms. Analysis of the interactions of the gas with the liquid film devices showed the need to create a new generation of bioreactor with intensive mass transfer without the possibility of limiting the productivity of biotechnological systems. The work shows a consistent change in structural elements of membrane bioreactors to increase the efficiency of their operation.

The basis for the creation of new designs dryers laid the mathematical description of the test process, taking into account the method of loading and handling of the product in the machine, how to supply coolant or other type of energy supply, the theoretical performance, and structural (geometric) component of the apparatus. To simulate the process of our work was considered of cylindrical dryers with active hydrodynamic regime and microwave energy supply, one feature of which is the loading of the product in a stream tangential coolant flow. The object of the study was chosen millet grain, because of the high biological value and high prevalence in the southern regions of the Russian Federation. On the basis of theoretical analysis, it was decided to divide the mathematical model into two conditional components: the study of heat and mass transfer study of aerodynamic component of the drying process. In this paper, we have been disclosed in detail is the second part of the process. The basis of this model were the equations of motion of millet grains by Newton's second law. The coolant in the framework of the proposed model is considered to be a continuous medium, highly compressible and has an internal viscosity, described by the Navier-Stokes equations. The initial conditions of the mathematical model were the following assumptions: the speed of the mechanical motion elements are equal to zero, the initial density of the air environment in all nodes is the equilibrium density of the air, the initial velocity of the air quality in all nodes is zero. The boundary conditions can be described as the constancy of the flow temperature and humidity, and its displacement is directly design constraints of the drying chamber. This model will be useful for professionals engaged in the problems of calculation and design of drying equipment.

The mathematical modelling in CFD-packages are powerfull instrument for design and calculation of any engineering tasks. CFD-package contains the set of programs that allow to model the different objects behavior based on the mathematical lows. ANSYS Fluent are widely used for modelling of biotechnological and chemical-technological processes. This package is convenient to describe their hydrodynamics. As cell cultivation is one of the actual scientific direction in modern biotechnology ANSYS Fluent was used to create the model of hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. The fibers are hollow cylindrical membrane to be used for cell cultivation. The criterion of process effectiveness for cell growth is full filling of the membrane surface by cells in the bioreactor. While the cell growth the fiber permeability is decreased which effects to feed flow through membrane pores. The specific feature of this process is to ensure such feed flow to deliver the optimal nutrition for the cells on the external membrane surface. The velocity distribution inside the fiber and in all bioreactor as a whole has been calculated based on mass an impulse conservation equations taking into account the mathematical model assumptions. The hydrodynamics analysis in hollow fiber membrane bioreactor is described by the three-dimensional model created in ANSYS Fluent. The specific features of one membrane model are considered and for whole bioreactor too.

Study on the construction of an integrated technical support is carried out by the example of organizational information systems (or administrative and economic) management activities of large organizations. As part of the management information system, comprehensive technical support related to other parts of the system, first of all, to the information database managementsystem, which covers all types of information required for planning and management, and an algorithm for processing this information. This means that not only the control system determines the required set of technical means, but it features a significant effect on the composition and organization of the management information system database. A feature of the integrated logistics is the variety of hardware functions, a large number of device types, different ways of interaction of the operator and equipment, the possibility of a different line-up and aggregation devices. The complex of technical means of information management systems have all the features of a complex system: versatility, availability feedbacks multicriteriality, hierarchical structure, the presence of allocated parts connected to each other by complex interactions, the uncertainty of the behavior of these parts, which is the result of the ultimate reliability of technical means and the influence of environmental disturbances . For this reason, the tasks associated with the creation of an integrated logistics management information system should be solved with the system approach. To maximize the efficiency of the information management system required the construction of technological complex with minimal installation and operation, which leads to the need to choose the optimal variant of technical means of the number of possible. The decision of the main objectives of integrated logistics can be reduced to the construction of the joint number of languages - character sets or alphabets describing the input and output information files, and rules for manipulating these alphabets, the application of which is optimized in certain respects a one-to-one correspondence between the information base and comprehensive technical support.

Summary. On the basis of the general laws of sulfur vulcanization diene rubbers the principles of the effective cross-linking using a multi-component agents was discussed. It is noted that the description of the mechanism of action of the complex cross-linking systems are complicated by the diversity of interactions of components and the influence of each of them on the curing kinetics, leading to a variety technological complications of real technology and affects on the quality and technical and economic indicators of the production of rubber goods. Based on the known theoretical approaches the system analysis of isothermal curing process was performed. It included the integration of different techniques and methods into a single set of. During the analysis of the kinetics of vulcanization it was found that the formation of the spatial grid parameters vulcanizates depend on many factors, to assess which requires special mathematical and algorithmic support. As a result of the stratification of the object were identified the following major subsystems. A software package for solving direct and inverse kinetic problems isothermal curing process was developed. Information support “Isothermal vulcanization” is a set of applications of mathematical modeling of isothermal curing. It is intended for direct and inverse kinetic problems. When solving the problem of clarifying the general scheme of chemical transformations used universal mechanism including secondary chemical reactions. Functional minimization algorithm with constraints on the unknown parameters was used for solving the inverse kinetic problem. Shows a flowchart of the program. An example of solving the inverse kinetic problem with the program was introduced. Dataware was implemented in the programming language C ++. Universal dependence to determine the initial concentration of the curing agent was applied . It allowing the use of a model with different properties of multicomponent curing systems. informed decisions.

Summary. Due to the diversity and complexity of organizational management tasks a large enterprise, the construction of an information management system requires the establishment of interconnected complexes of means, implementing the most efficient way collect, transfer, accumulation and processing of information necessary drivers handle different ranks in the governance process. The main trends of the construction of integrated logistics management information systems can be considered: the creation of integrated data processing systems by centralizing storage and processing of data arrays; organization of computer systems to realize the time-sharing; aggregate-block principle of the integrated logistics; Use a wide range of peripheral devices with the unification of information and hardware communication. Main attention is paid to the application of the system of research of complex technical support, in particular, the definition of quality criteria for the operation of technical complex, the development of information base analysis methods of management information systems and define the requirements for technical means, as well as methods of structural synthesis of the major subsystems of integrated logistics. Thus, the aim is to study on the basis of systematic approach of integrated logistics management information system and the development of a number of methods of analysis and synthesis of complex logistics that are suitable for use in the practice of engineering systems design. The objective function of the complex logistics management information systems is the task of gathering systems, transmission and processing of specified amounts of information in the regulated time intervals with the required degree of accuracy while minimizing the reduced costs for the establishment and operation of technical complex. Achieving the objective function of the complex logistics to carry out certain organization of interaction of information converters, which are the building blocks of integrated logistics, and their interaction is provided by the construction of the structure of the complex logistics.

Summary. This article proposed to estimate the technological parameters of mining and metallurgical industry (iron ore stocks), given the fuzzy set values in conditions of uncertainty using the balance sheet and industrial methods of calculation of reserves of ore. Due to the fact that the modeling of the processes of extraction of ore is associated with parameters of the equations that contain variables with different nature of uncertainty, it is better to provide all the information on a single formal language of fuzzy set theory. Thus, the proposed model calculation and evaluation of reserves of iron ore by different methods in conditions of uncertainty geological information on the basis of the theory of fuzzy sets. In this case the undefined values are interpreted as intentionally "fuzzy", since this approach largely corresponds to the real industrial situation than the interpretation of such quantities in terms of random. Taken into account the fact that the application of the probabilistic approach leads to the identification of uncertainty with randomness, but in practice, the basic nature of uncertainty in the calculation of reserves of iron ore is unclear. Under the proposed approach, each fuzzy parameter is a corresponding membership function, to determine which proposed using a General algorithm, as the result of algebraic operations on arbitrary membership function of the inverse numerical method. Because of the existence of many models describing the same production process in different methods (for example, the balance model or industrial model) and under different assumptions proposed to coordinate such models on the basis of the model of aggregation of heterogeneous information. For matching this kind of information, its generalization and adjustment of the outcome parameters, it is expedient to use the apparatus of fuzzy set theory that allows to obtain quantitative characteristics of imprecisely specified parameters and make the most informed decisions.

Summary. Consider the basic problem to query the database for the physical effects of the data. Technical problem may be simplistically represented as three components: the initial state, the end result, the process of converting the initial state to the final result. The problem arises if at least one of the components is unknown. Discarding cases where all the components are known, or all of the components are not known, we obtain a classification of technical problems, consisting of six types. In forming a set of queries to the database is a natural requirement for completeness of this set, i.e. Requests should be set to cover the technical challenges of all six types. With a view to the formulation of a complete set of queries we draw an analogy between the description of the technical problem and a description of the physical effect. Let us compare the initial state of the physical input action effect, the end result - the output of, the process of transformation of the initial state to the final result - a physical object or a sequence of physical effects. The requirements to the database on the physical effects: extensibility and improvement of the software and data structures without significant alterations of previously written programs and stored data, the ability to solve problems in a dialogue mode. A base structure consisting of a global database and a number of local databases that are generated to solve individual problems. A set of queries that cover the basic solution of technical problems at the level of principle. The problem of the search of the principles of device to convert the given source exposure to the specified output result. The structure of the local database to solve this problem and proposed a search algorithm. The main characteristics of the implementation of the algorithm.

In recent years, the strong pace of construction is increasing in big cities. With their growth becomes a question of the deployment of firefighters and the number of fire stations. The most effective solution is the problem of finding the optimum route of fire departments, taking into account the information transport logistics systems within the city that will allow us to arrive at the scene at any time, regardless of the degree of congestion of city roads. Prompt arrival of fire units provides the most successful fire fighting. The main objective of the study is to develop a preliminary route and the route in case of unforeseen factors affecting the time fire engine arrived. To construct the routes used to develop actively in the current methods of machine learning artificial neural networks. To construct the optimal route requires a correct prediction of the future behavior of a complex system of urban traffic based on its past behavior. Within the framework of statistical machine learning theory considered the problem of classification and regression. The learning process is to select a classification or a regression function of a predetermined broad class of such functions. After determining the prediction scheme, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of its forecasts, which are measured not on the basis of observations, and on the basis of an improved stochastic process, the result of the construction of the prediction rules. The model is verified on the basis of data collected in real departures real fire brigades, which made it possible to obtain a minimum time of arrival of fire units.

Summary. The paper discusses the evolutionary impact of biodiversity, the backbone of noosphere, which status has been fixed by a UN convention. The examples and role of such diversity are considered the various levels of life arrangement. On the level of standalone organisms, the diversity in question manifests itself in the differentiation and separation of the key physiologic functions which significantly broaden the eco-niche for the species with the consummate type of such separation. However, the organismic level of biodiversity does not work for building any developmental models since the starting point of genetic inheritance and variability processes emerges on the minimum structural unit of the living world only, i.e. the population. It is noted that the sufficient gene pool for species development may accumulate in fairly large populations only, where the general rate of mutation does not yield to the rate of ambient variations. The paper shows that the known formal models of species development based on the Fisher theorem about the impact of genodispersion on species adjustment are not in keeping with the actual existence of the species due to the conventionally finite and steady number of genotypes within a population. On the ecosystem level of life arrangement, the key role pertains to the taxonomic diversity supporting the continuous food chain in the system against any adverse developmental conditions of certain taxons. Also, the progressive evolution of an ecosystem is largely stabilized by its multilayer hierarchic structure and the closed circle of matter and energy. The developmental system models based on the Lotka-Volterra equations describing the interaction of the open-loop ecosystem elements only insufficiently represent the position of biodiversity in the evolutionary processes. The paper lays down the requirements to such models which take into account the mass balance within a system; its trophic structure; the accumulative (buffering) properties of each ecosystem layer; the multiple interconnections among the ecosystem species; and the restricting impact of the intraspecific and interspecific competition. From this perspective, the use of bio-cybernetic concepts and mathematic tools looks quite promising.

Summary. In that case when knowledge in relation to a problem of development of the knowledge base (KB) of system of an assessment of reliability is understood as the regularities of subject domain received in practice and as a result of vocational training of experts there are opportunities the problems allowing to put and solve in the field of management of reliability. Leaning against our researches it is possible to conclude that the key moment developed the multicomponent systems of support of decision-making (MASPPR) is KB, main principles of construction and which functioning are: the principle of a precedential when obtaining diagnostic information; the principle of fitness during the receiving, the analysis and structurization of diagnostic information; the principle of openness of system having a possibility of progressive updating, being guided by the available information, knowledge bases; the principle of a modularity at construction; the principle of knowledge when obtaining new information assuming existence of procedures of loyal and effective interaction. In turn, the model of representation of knowledge in MASPPR is under construction on a basis production systems (PS) which is model of representation of knowledge well-known and widely used in SEE. According to multicomponentsystem of support of decision-making it is offered to use the simplest method of submission of rules, namely, list (or tabular) a form which shows the list of rules in memory of the interpreter. Development of algorithm of functioning of the car of a logical conclusion. At reduction of time and simplicity of search of a route of a logical conclusion from a significant amount of the rules developed for "agent-performer" and "agent-coordinator" we will apply a method of a linear matrix conclusion. The essence of a method consists that for set of the rules located in the form of the list the matrix is under construction, then, on the basis of the analysis of this matrix the route of a logical conclusion then additional routes of a logical conclusion are defined is defined.

Summary. For the description of the processes occurring in internal combustion engine and elements of transmission, various mathematical models are used. In work the section of mathematical statistics - experiment planning is applied. For an estimation of influence of external influences on temperature indicators of oils ICE and transmission elements full factorial experiment which is directed on definition of temperature of oil ICE, a transmission and the main transfers has been realized. Modeling of influence of external influences on temperature indicators of oils ICE and transmission elements consisted in the following: the conceptual model was under construction; its formalization and research of modeled process was spent; necessary approximations were defined; the generalised scheme of process was under construction; under this generalized scheme the algorithm was created and the program complex was developed; calculations on the computer were spent; mathematical and graphic dependences of external influences on temperature indicators of oils ICE and transmission elements were defined; practical recommendations about heating process with reference to operational conditions of SNO OP were developed. Object of research is the air temperature, an operating time of system of heating and capacity of the thermal unit, influencing temperature of oils ICE, transmissions, the main transfers the MAT. The problem is reduced to definition of such capacity of the thermal unit at which the maximum value of temperature of oil for the minimum time is reached. Full factorial experiment FFE allowing is planned to define interaction of two factors which is shown at a simultaneous variation of these factors at action of each of them on an exit depending on level of their finding.

Summary. The analysis of cryogenic installations confirms objective regularity of increase in amount of the tasks solved by systems of a special purpose. One of the most important directions of development of a cryogenics is creation of installations for air separation product receipt, namely oxygen and nitrogen. Modern aviation complexes require use of these gases in large numbers as in gaseous, and in the liquid state. The onboard gas systems applied in aircraft of the Russian Federation are subdivided on: oxygen system; air (nitric) system; system of neutral gas; fire-proof system. Technological schemes ADI are in many respects determined by pressure of compressed air or, in a general sense, a refrigerating cycle. For the majority ADI a working body of a refrigerating cycle the divided air is, that is technological and refrigerating cycles in installation are integrated. By this principle differentiate installations: low pressure; average and high pressure; with detander; with preliminary chilling. There is also insignificant number of the ADI types in which refrigerating and technological cycles are separated. These are installations with external chilling. For the solution of tasks of control of technical condition of the BRV hardware in real time and estimates of indicators of reliability it is offered to use multi-agent technologies. Multi-agent approach is the most acceptable for creation of SPPR for reliability assessment as allows: to redistribute processing of information on elements of system that leads to increase in overall performance; to solve a problem of accumulating, storage and recycling of knowledge that will allow to increase significantly efficiency of the solution of tasks of an assessment of reliability; to considerably reduce intervention of the person in process of functioning of system that will save time of the person of the making decision (PMD) and will not demand from it special skills of work with it.

The article compares the changes in consumer properties of bracken ordinary young shoots at different storage methods. Bracken is a source of vitamins, minerals, it is eaten in some countries -Japan, China, Korea, and also in Russia Shows some advantages in frozen storage. The structural and mechanical changes at themacro and micro levels. Compares elasticity raw samples at different storage methods. Data on the content of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, salt, water activity. From the obtained results revealed that the amino acid content in the composition of the frozen bracken decreased significantly as compared to fresh and salt fern (except aspartic acid, isoleucine, and leucine, whose number is close to their number in the salty fern). When storing the fern frozen there is a considerable amount of lipids. Also a significant presence of fat-tion of acids (as % of value, ±10%) palmitic (24,86%), hexadecanoate (2,33%), stearic (1,06%), oleic (4,71%), linoleic (26,02%), α-linolenic (11,88%), γ-linolenic (3,13%), dihomo-γ-linolenic (2,28%), arahidonova (0,78%), arachidonic (14,83%), timonova (0,92%), Baganova (0,96%). There is the presence of essential fatty acids. Myristic, berestyeneva, palmitoleate, zonvakantie, andonova acids are present in smaller amount benefits. The results of determination of vitamins in the frozen samples showed that, despite significant losses in storage, they manage to keep the vitamins. It proposed the introduction of the freeze as an effective method of storage bracken. Storage method shoots bracken almost not been studied in frozen form, and it may be that innovation, which will expand the practical use of this type of native raw materials.

The rates of microbiological safety of powdery vegetables, vegetable-milk compositions, compound desserts have been studied. No pathogenic germs (incl. salmonella), Escherichia coli, yeast, nonspore-forming bacteria B cereus have been detected in powdery vegetable samples. The number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms as well as amount of molds does not exceed safety index normalized by the legislation. Proteolytic microorganisms compose the basic microflora of powdery vegetables. Microbiological background of vegetable and milk basis is characterized by the presence of microorganisms differed by different resistance to the medium conditions – рН value, presence of oxygen and high temperatures impact. Enrichment of milk base by vegetable components necessitates to adjust the thermal effect regimes prescribed for milk treatment without additional ingredients. Introduction of vegetable ingredients into milk base is accompanied by polysemantic effect of high temperatures on microorganisms of polycomponent milk – vegetable base. On the one hand introduction of vegetable raw material into milk enhances inhibitory temperature effect on microbial cells due to transition of the medium рН into sour side; on the other hand presence of vegetable raw material particles protects microorganisms against sensitive effect of high temperature. Microflora of vegetable-milk compositions after heat treatment as well as ready-made desserts on their base was presented by spore-forming bacillus the number of which is correlated by their number in the initial raw material. In order to choose the optimal regime of heat treatment all processes running during heat treatment and particularly microbiological and physical-chemical degradation of polysaccharides of vegetables cell structures.

One of the important trends of whey processing is the modification of its composition and properties for the applications in curd technology. Modification of whey composition and properties included ultrafiltration concentration and subsequent microparticulation of the concentrate obtained. Selected modes allowed to obtain particles of microparticulate of whey proteins similar to fat globules in shape and size. Whey proteins microparticulate was proposed to use in curd technology. The influence of mass fraction of whey proteins microparticulate on the process of fermentation and acid clot formation in the production of low-fat curd was investigated. The most intensive growth and titratable and active acidity was observed in samples of curd clots with a mass fraction of whey proteins microparticulate from 10 to 15%. The analysis of organoleptic characteristics of curd clots led to the conclusion that the introduction _ of whey proteins microparticulate gives a smooth appearance to the clot, increases the density, adds a creamy taste. In the process of self-pressing _ of whey proteins microparticulate particles embedded inside impede the process of densification, and the mass fraction of moisture in the curd increases. Application _ of whey proteins microparticulate intensifies the process of curd clot formation and increases the yield of the finished product by 20 - 30%. Application of whey proteins microparticulate for enrichment of normalized mixture in the production of curd allows to expand the range of low-calorie protein products contributes to the intensification of the process of ripening of enriched normalized mixture, increases the yield of curd and its biological value.

Complex work on designing cigarettes with adjustable composition cut filler and auxiliary materials are not carried out, therefore, despite the progress made in the field of cigarette, meet the requirements of safety indicators of tobacco smoke, the problem of designing and development of new types of cigarettes on the regulated parameters smoke toxicity remains relevant. Objects of research were cigarettes of different constructions containing tobacco blend which includes recovered tobacco and expanded stem. Additionally, tobacco blend was added by aromatic plant material (anise, fennel, lemon balm, sweet grass). Flavored sauced tobacco blend is prepared by mixing cut tobacco and plant raw materials to provide high fill value, toxicity reduction of tobacco smoke and increased combustibility. The composition of the tobacco blend does not contain nicotine plant material and artificial flavors. Found that nicotine reduction is the result of using no nicotine plant raw materials and increases the storage life of cigarettes is a result of the uniform distribution of plant components, delaying its evaporation.

Describes the main finishing prefabricated pastries and cakes-cream. Researched range of cream depending on the fruit components and method of production. Aim: to study the degree of oxidation cream with natural antioxidants from fruits and berries processing products, namely in the form of concentrated juice of fruits and berries. Outlines the process of oxidation of lipids, one of the fundamental processes of loss of quality food products. Describes the action of antioxidants as antioxidants on accumulation intensity concentrations of primary and secondary oxidation products, making the final product unsuitable for the consumer and the bounding its shelf life. Presents the results of a study of the contents of primary and secondary oxidation products in butter cream immediately after cooking, as well as samples, stored for five days with the addition of antioxidants in the form of concentrated juice of fruits and berries in the amount of 2–7% by weight of cream. As a control sample has been used cream with no additives. Quality indicators to characterize the degree of oxidation of the product: acid, peroxide, anizidin and tioburbit number. The study found that adding a concentrated juice of fruits and berries as antioxidant in recipe cream reduces the growth rate of the concentration of free fatty acids on the fifth day, as compared with the reference sample. Adding concentrated juice of fruits and berries slows down the process of dissolution of the fat molecules in fat fraction of cream with the formation of free fatty acids; intensity decay reaction of peroxides and hydroxides slows down and, consequently, decreases the formation of aldehydes, deteriorating the taste and smell of the cream; quantitatively reduced the growth of education malondial′degida.

Utilizing tobacco wastes is one of the important problems for tobacco industry. They can be divided into easy recycled which can be returned into technological process without special treatment, and irretrievable which can be recycled only after special treatment. Easy recycled wastes consist of leaf parts and large tobacco scraps, which are cleaned from the dust and then returned into manufacturing process. Irretrievable wastes consist of small tobacco scraps which use for reconstituted tobacco production and midrib parts which used for expanded stem manufacturing and added into cigarette for nicotine decreasing. Little tobacco scraps is not used for recycling and thus utilized. In the laboratory of technologies for tobacco products manufacturing possibility for utilizing little tobacco scraps for manufacturing new tobacco products: hookah blends and non-smoking products has been studied. Fractional composition of little tobacco scraps from cigarette industry has been defined. Samples of hookah blends and non-smoking products have been manufactured. New tobacco products manufactured from burley leaves were used as comparison. Tasting of these products has been done, utilizing methods developed in the laboratory. As the result, it has been found that samples made of wastes have better tasting score because of rich taste and tobacco aroma. Utilizing wastes instead of expensive leaf tobacco greatly decreases final cost of the product. As the result possibility and expediency of utilizing cigarette’s manufacturing wastes for hookah blends and non-smoking products manufacturing has been proved.

A new line of pasta with the addition of enrichment (beef liver in the form of minced meat sized less than 325 microns). Calculations performed by computer program showed that pasta (in a ratio of 70% grade wheat flour and 30% beef liver), significantly supplemented nutrients, especially vitamin A, for the human body needs in the Arctic. A high-technology and engineering solution for the production of high-quality and resistant pasta with the addition of enrichment for storing in special conditions. For the experiment, an experimental setup based on a modernized combi steamer, allowing to automate the monitoring and recording of temperature and humidity parameters of the dryer, and products was developed. A dosed effect of ultrasound and determined the optimal intensity 140 dB at drying the shaped pasta with the addition of beef liver was studied. The experiment revealed that ultrasonic vibration enhance heat and mass transfer processes, and more evenly distribute the moisture in the interior of the pasta by reducing the deformation stress during drying. The drying time of products decreased by 22-26% and strength increased by 19–22%. It is proved that the loss of solids during cooking pasta with beef liver, dried in the ultrasound field, dropped to 4,1%.

Nutrition is one of the main factors that have an enormous impact on the health, performance, creativity, activity and life expectancy, as all essential nutrients enter the body is food. Nutrients are transformed by metabolism in the structural elements of the cell, providing the necessary human plastic material and energy. The traditional source of important nutrients for the human body are the pastries, which are in our population is very popular. However, confectionery products is inherent drawback. Excessive consumption of flour confectionery goods violated balanced diets on nutrients and energy value. This is due to a high fat, carbohydrates, and low enough in some cases, complete absence of fiber, minerals and vitamins. In connection with the formation of the system of healthy nutrition of the population requires the development of production technology of confectionery products with the introduction in their structure of functional ingredients, do not change the organoleptic properties of the product, but can help reduce caloric properties of food and the taste of Tatar national. The purpose of this survey – to identify trends in the development of confectionery technology. This review shows that in confectionery production technology to reduce calories and increase the biological value of the replacement trend in the formulations of wheat flour on chickpeas, flax, triticale, sorghum, rice, barley, corn, bird cherry. It is noted that in the recipes for cakes confectionery introduced from non-traditional raw materials containing dietary fiber. It determined to be a gluten-free medical and functional confectionery products for people with celiac disease.

Starch is the raw materials for production of crystal food glucose. With at enzyme conversion of the high purity starch, it is possible to receive glucosic syrups of a glucose equivalent (GE) 98%, where there is about 95% glucose and maltose and maltotriose – of about 5%. Starch hydrolysis is carried out with a gain of solids. Thus, 100 kg of amylum is possible to give up to 109.81 kg of glucose syrup on dry basis. Taking in account the losses at manufacture steps a yield can decrease to 105.61 kg. The purified glucose syrup is concentrated up to 73–75% of dry matters and goes to a crystallization step. Crystallization of glucose is carried out in a supersaturated solution within 56–70 hours at reduced temperature from 46–48 °C to 24–26 °C, resulting a mixture of glucose crystals and an intercrystal run-off syrup called a massecuite. The crystallization process is stopped when a 50% of crystals content in massecuite is reached. At the same time glucose yield will be 105.61/2 = 52.8%. Crystallization is carried out according to the single-stage scheme, with partial return of the end product – hydrol into the hydrolised syrup. Then the massecuite is sent to a centrifugation step for dividing glucose crystals and a run-off syrup, which is partially returned to the initial syrup to reduce in GE. The second part of the run-off syrup goes to realization. It must be kept in mind: the higher GE of the glucose syrup sent to a crystallization step, the more quantity of a hydrol is possible to be returned to hydrolysed syrup. Therefore, it is in a resulted a higher yield of glucose crystals. On the basis of the carried-out calculations the computer program was made with which it is possible to define a theoretical glucose and a hydrol yield, while changing values of a hydrolysed syrup. The higher GE values of a hydrolysed syrup are the higher yield of crystal glucose and the lower one of hydrol are. So, at 98% GE of a hydrolysed syrup it is possible to return about 64.66 kg of a hydrol to 105.61 kg of syrup the glucose yield will increase up to 85%, and at the same time a hydrol yield will be (105,61 – 85) i.e. 20.61%.

Interest in the cultivation and using of naked oats has increased significantly in recent years in the most of countries. This is due to dietary and curative properties of the grain and its derived products such as syrups. Technological stages of syrup production are germinating of cereal, preparation of wort and its concentration. The article reviews an issue concerning the impact of wort concentration temperature on the physico-chemical indicators of syrup, as well as, considers an experimental data on the content of dietary fiber and vitamins in syrups, and illustrates carbohydrate content of end-products. It is found that with increasing of wort concentration temperature from 40 ° C to 70 ° C the time of the process reduces 3.7 times, and further it leads to lessening of the reducing substances from 53.9% to 45.7% and increases the colour of syrup from 61.7 EBC units to 68.5 EBC units. For obtaining of optimal physicochemical parameters of syrup and ensuring a minimum time of concentration recommended temperature of the process is 60 ° C. It is shown that the syrup produced from commercial malt contains 2.2 times more pentosans compared to the syrup produced from Vyatsky oat. In turn, syrup from Vyatsky oat contains 2.5 times more β-glucan - the most important physico-chemical component in a viewpoint of nutrition. The carbohydrate composition of syrups permits to recommend them for using in functional products as well as high content of dietary fiber and vitamins gives a perspective of their application in the food industry.

During the last decades becoming more sharply there is a problem of chemical and environmental monitoring and industrial inspection the content of toxic elements in food raw materials and foodstuff. At the same time there is a need to develop rapid methods, informative, integral, reflecting not only the safety but also the ecological purity of food raw materials. The method of determination of content of toxic elements on activity of its own lipase of in situ (AОL-method) in seeds of oil-bearing crops, on the example of sunflower is offered. The system of mathematical assessment of analytical criteria of laboratory test used in clinical laboratory diagnostics was for this purpose adapted. Sunflower seeds in which established the maintenance of toxiferous elements served as an object of a research: Cd, Pb, As, Hg, by atomic absorption method on the KVANT-Z.ETA device. Further tests divided on clear, including high-quality and pollution-free, and polluted - naturally containing toxiferous elements and which are artificially contaminated. Definition of activity of a lipase of seeds was carried out by the standard titrimetric method. Decrease of the activity of enzyme was connected with the maintenance of toxiferous elements. Proceeding from the received results counted an analytical significance (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of descriptiveness the positive and negative results) of determination of level of maintenance of toxiferous elements in sunflower seeds by the AОL-method. The set values of analytical specificity of a method and predictive value of a positive take at the level of 77.3% and 71.4% respectively, do not allow to use the offered method for the quantitative analysis, however, analytical sensitivity at the level of 86.2% and the predictive value of the negative result at the level of 89.5%, allow to recommend the AOL-method for screening programs of chemical environmental monitoring and technological monitoring of a contamination of seeds of sunflower toxiferous elements.

The possibility of using new parameters of quartz crystal microbalance and methods of principal component analysis and discriminant analysis using regression to latent structures for processing the output data of piezosensors array for the detection of individual odor-forming compounds, quantitative assessment of odor properties in routine analysis, in the development of new recipes of food systems with the introduction of functional additives in the factory laboratories are discussed. Sorption of volatile organic compounds that make up the odor of meat products, on thin films of sorbents - modifiers of piezoelectric resonators electrodes, forming an array of sensors of gases analyzer "electronic nose" is studied. The resulting sensor array is trained on the main marker substances (distilled water, ethane, butyric acids, aliphatic alcohols (C2-C5) of normal and isomeric structure, dimethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, alkyl acetates (C2-C5) methylpropionate). The effect of of water vapors as interfering factor in sorption of organic compounds was assessed. The parameters of the efficiency of volatile compounds sorption, allowing the identification of individual organic compounds or a class of similar to them in nature in gas mixtures were calculated. The use of discriminant analysis with regression to latent structures allowed the identification of individual organic compounds in the equilibrium gas phases over the real models for forecasting of change of direction of meat products odor with partial replacement of meat raw materials with functional preparations of plant origin (buckwheat and millet cereals, pickles of soybean and rapeseed protein) and products of microbial synthesis (preparation of yeast and wheat bran). For a detailed study of the changes in odor direction _ during the introduction of different amounts of cereals in the product the principal components method was applied. As the input parameters for the chemometric methods traditional analytical signal of the array of piezosensors - individual responses of measuring elements and the new - the parameter of sorption efficiency were selected. The results of gases analyzer processing data "electronic nose" with chemometric methods are consistent with the results of tasting the finished product by trained specialists.

The branch of processing of a beet is characterized by a variety of dangerous and harmful production factors. To maintain the optimal values of microclimate in beet processing department carried out installation of systems of ventilation and heating. To implement the protection measures for impacts include the use of low-power equipment; the attenuation of the noise in the way of its propagation by means of sound insulation; maintenance equipment; install equipment on vibration isolation bases. Electrical safety in industrial environments by the appropriate design of electrical installations, technical means and means of protection, organizational and technical measures. For protection against static electricity use of protective grounding. The safe operation of lifting and handling equipment is provided by the audit of the reliability and strength of their structural elements, as well as ropes, lifting devices. To reduce the harmful impact of the use of the Department of toxic substances into the running, you must use individual protection equipment: special clothing, anti-dust respirators. Of technical means of protection used in the supply and exhaust ventilation, are also used cyclones. To protect surface and groundwater from effluent applied field of filtration, aeration tanks, biofilters. The amount of emissions into the atmosphere can reduce the reduction of steam consumption for technological needs. For dust removal in dusty offices with equipment install the cyclone. One of the measures to prevent the explosion is to install explosion protection. For fire in a sugar factory used fire boards, fire hoses, automatic water extinguishing systems, steam and gas fire. All facilities and process plant should be provided with primary fire extinguishing means. Place them in conspicuous places, readily accessible at any time. In addition, the company is required to lay special network of fire water. Thus, security and compliance with of sustainability in this branch of the sugar factory depends on many factors and requires careful control of all processes.

Efficiency of the sugar production from sugar beets is close connected with quality of the raw material which uses for the processing. Quality of the raw material depends on complex impact of number of factors, like natural, climatic, agritechnical, and varietal. Currently, there are some negative factors, like decreasing of soil fertility, increasing of soil's infectious background, prevalence of the foreign hybrid sorts of sugar beets which are vulnerable for local pathogens. These factors cause the increase of the diseases of sugar beets' root system – fusarium decay and vascular bacteriosis. The explorations of sugar beets' crops for many years in different areas of Central-Chernozem region have revealed high damage for yield from these diseases. In some years the loss of yield was up to 50%. The determination of impact of bacterial infections on the processes of forming of the chemical composition of sugar beets' roots and the accumulation of sugar in sugar beets' roots is the very important task for science and production. The researches have been done in the laboratory of store and production raw materials, in the Laboratory of immunity, in the department of biotechnology of the FSTSO “All-Russian research institute for sugar beet and sugar named after A.L. Mazlumov”, and in the department of technology of fermentation and sugar productions of the Voronezh state university of engineering technologies. Was revealed, that increasing the level of the disease of sugar beets by vascular bacteriosis causes the rise amount of dry substances from 26.04% (healthy roots) up to 32.75% (damage of roots is 5 scores). And the sugar content decreases from 18.77% up to 16.83%. Proportion of sucrose in dry substances also decreases from 72.08% (healthy roots) up to 51.39% (damage of roots is 5 scores), because part of sucrose is utilized by bacteria in affected roots. Content of reducing substances increases by a factor of 1.2–4.9. Also was revealed that the pathogens of vascular bacteriosis make negative impact for quality of beets' juice and cleaned juice, and them purity decreases by 0.7–7.5% and 0.4-7.6%. The researches for determination of peroxidase activity in sugar beets' roots, which have different levels of damage by vascular bacteriosis, allowed to reveal enhancing common and specific activity of ferment if disease increases. Was determined that pathogens of vascular bacteriosis make negative impact on the factor of sugar exit which decreases by 1.0–5.5%.

The modern trends in the application of technological processing aids in the domestic beet sugar technology were considered. It is shown that the means used are characterized by a high technological effect, prolonged action, target application of means is technologically and economically feasible, local technologies are fixed in scientific and technical documentation, control of residual compounds in the finished product is carried out at their expense, methods for determining the active substances in white sugar, pulp, molasses are not available, the bulk of foreign-made means. It is noted that each agent efficiency and safety is considered as extremely specialized orientation on the local area of application, but not in a consistent manner – the entire production flow. The necessity of integrating application technology of processing aids in technological stream. We outlined a range of research areas to create a system of integrated process application of technological processing aids in the sugar production, focused on stability augmentation of technological flow functioning, safety of the finished product. Initial requirements for this system, providing integration of processing aids with the process stream were developed. Methodical approaches to the assessment of collective effect of means, based on the identification of synergistic or antagonistic effects were formed. Methodical aspects of formation of structures scheme of the system of integrated technologies, including technological decomposition with the release of area of collective effect of specific means, identification of synergism and antagonism, deep analysis of the causes of manifestation of the latter, its leveling or minimization based on the integration of technology or technical solutions were listed. The formation of the block diagram of integrated technology by the example of an area of the process stream from purified juice condensation to the I crystallisation massecuite reception was considered, during the process stream antiscalant and surfactants were used. It is noted that the collective effect of the process of boiling at the stage of formation and the growth of sucrose crystals was accompanied by an antagonistic effect. For integration of technology application of antiscalant in process stream it is prescribed the use of integration technological solution – establishment of filtering syrup process through a filtering partition with a pore diameter of 30–50 microns.

In modern conditions of economic instability of one of the major tasks facing the entities of the region creation of a management system, flexible, capable to reorganization, and orientation to sustainable innovative development is. Finding of flexibility is impossible without use of system of monitoring and an assessment of level of innovative development of the entity that allows to estimate influence of internal and external factors of organization development on its provision, and also to make the decision on timely change of the controlling mechanism by the entity. Innovative development differs in complexity, and, therefore, mechanisms of interaction between various structural divisions involved in innovative process are necessary for implementation of its operational management. One of such mechanisms is monitoring of the innovative environment of the entity. Feature of monitoring of the innovative environment as management tool innovative development of the entity is concentration on identification of tendencies and dynamics of development. The essence of monitoring consists in tracking of results of financial and economic activity and its correction within the planning (project) period. In case of development and strategy implementation of innovative development monitoring acts as the mechanism of coordination of actions of all involved structural divisions of an accounting entity. Thus, monitoring of the innovative environment of the entity can be provided as the tool of a sustainable development of the entity, and it lays the foundation for implementation of innovative activities of the company.

At the end of December 2015, was approved a new national security Strategy of the Russian Federation, which is one of the basic documents of strategic planning of activity of state bodies regarding domestic and foreign policy, formally defining the national interests and national strategic priorities of the Russian Federation in the field of defense; state and public safety; improve the quality of life of Russian citizens; economic growth; science, culture, technology, education, and health. ecology of living systems and rational use of natural resources and of strategic stability and equitable strategic partnership. The compilation and analysis of data of official statistics over the last decade show negative trends and the dynamics of social indicators of economic security. In accordance with the Concept, by 2020 the unemployment rate should be no more than 4-5%, inflation is 3.5%, the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum is 6.2%. According to the conservative scenario by 2030, unemployment should be at the level of 4.7%, inflation is 3.8%, the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum – 8%. Given the data and the analysis of these documents as a whole show that the concept of the provisions and forecasts require making significant adjustments based on layer-lived situation inside the country and in the world and the need to change approaches to the ongoing socio-economic policy. In modern conditions the effective implementation of the provisions of the new national security Strategy is of great importance for the further successful development of the Russian Federation.

In this article the author analyzes the provisions of the national system of strategic planning of innovation development, of strategic planning documents within the formation of the concept of innovative development of the Russian economy, its transition to the knowledge economy Along with this, the author reviewed the current development indicators of the Russian economy and comparative analysis of world GDP and volumes of financing of scientific development of the countries of the world - the Global Competitiveness Report. The article provides the analysis and decomposition of component Pillar 12. Innovation on the innovative activity in Russia. The author gives the analysis on number of people employed in research and development personnel in the dynamics and by countries. The article presents information on the funding of scientific research in the United States, Japan, Russia, etc. as percentage of GDP and in absolute values. The article shows a consolidated list of used Russia's innovation promotion instruments (subsidies of costs for innovative projects, project financing, etc.), taking account of links to documents, implementating these tools. The author considers problems of cooperation of Universities with industry in the establishment of such interaction as a factor of innovative growth in foreign literature. In the conclusion the author formulates a proposal for the intensification of research to improve forms of strategic partnership of universities and industrial enterprises on the basis of experience researchers form eastern countries, the results of applying the introduced tools at the state and regional levels and binding of adapting them to Russian realities and specifics.

The article researches the phenomenon of competitiveness in the labor market. It is noted that this phenomenon receives considerable attention in the fields of psychology, sociology, and pedagogy, but the economic researches of it are insufficient which proves the relevance of the suggested topic. The competitiveness of any subject means its ability to resist rivalry with similar subjects within certain environment. It implies the necessity to study employee competitiveness in the labor market on the basis of rivalry research. The term ‘competition’ has various definitions and the author demonstrates that the one most suitable for the labor market is the one provided by the conduct-based approach. The author also suggests that all features of the competitiveness in general and in the labor market should be studied and interpreted taking into account the specific pair of competitiveness bearer and consumer of his product or service, in case of labor market meaning labor service. Besides, the author agrees in this article with the opinion that competitiveness of an individual comprises of the total of his abilities, competencies and motives, which brings about the possibility that the elements forming individual’s competitiveness may be applied or disused at the moment of research or within a period of any duration. Considerable part of the article is devoted to the ways and methods of competency acquisitions. All this makes the author suggest a complex, multi-bases classification of characteristics included in the idea of an employee’s competitiveness in the target segment of the labor market. It is stated, that despite the impossibility of making the complete list of qualities useful for some professional activity, their classifications in terms of sources, effort input, and period of formation; methods and areas of application; inclusion in the various personality sub-systems may be successfully applied for various research or practical objectives.

In today's unstable economic processes taking place in the country under the influence of a considerable number of factors of the external sector and the mobility of market conditions, the activities of a number of industrial enterprises of Northern Crimea does not ensure a profit necessary for their future development, there is a tendency to a sharp increase in the number and level of danger of the economic risks. The future for companies in such conditions becomes less predictable. Therefore, the success of the enterprise depends on the accurate and timely identification of sources and enterprise risk management, the accuracy of the assessment of future risks, development and implementation of preventive measures to prevent undesirable consequences. In this connection, it is proposed approved methods, which allows to determine the average probability of occurrence of a number of risks and their importance rating. Studies have shown that for a given period, the most severe for the enterprises of Northern Crimea region is the risk of lack of established supply chain of raw materials. For businesses, this can be expressed in interruptions and delays in deliveries, penalties from customers and their loss, as well as additional costs. The proposed method allows us to estimate the probability of occurrence of a risk, but it is not pointing to the possible effect of the risk, both negative and positive. The data obtained can be used in the development of national, regional and sectoral policies and programs, and provide full management of industrial enterprises the tools of risk management.

For any kind of business such category as risks is peculiar. The research of this category was conducted by scientists from the different sides, certain approaches of protection against risks were developed and instruments of decrease in financial risks are offered. The bank guarantee is one of the most demanded instruments of additional financial protection today. Its active using of the commercial organizations courses questions of the organization of the detailed accounting of guarantees at the principal and the beneficiary. A little concerning the historical aspect of the bank guarantee, authors provided the overview of the determinations of "bank guarantee" characterizing it as the banking service providing distribution of responsibility between the guarantor and the principal under certain conditions. Having considered the essence of the legal nature and features of the bank guarantee recommendations about the organization of the disaggregated financial accounting on off-balance accounts were developed. In particular, need of allocation of a currency type as the directions of conducting the analytics providing correctness of reflection of cost criterion is proved. For the purpose of control of timeliness of carrying out calculations it is recommended to allocate guarantees: coincident and in coincident with primary obligation; short-term and long-term. From the point of view of nature of guarantees payment guarantees and guarantees of obligation fulfilment were allocated. These recommendations concern the beneficiary, and lack of accounting entries at a principal generates need of creation of additional registers and analytical reports which forms were offered by authors. The provided recommendations will allow obtaining transparent information on bank guarantees for the purpose of its full disclosure in the financial reporting.

Innovation activities, as well as innovations, are closely related meanings, and like many others economical definitions, have a broad range of meanings. Main characteristics and attributes of innovation involves new or significantly improved product, that’s being used, or in other words, found its application, and innovative activities – activities focused on realization of innovations. In this article, innovations are mainly considered in terms of high-technology production, evidence from Russian space industry. There are 5 basic stages of lifecycle of innovative project in considered industry: initiation, development, realization, expansion, consumption. Practically, third or fourth, or even both of these stages, often missing because there is no need of them. R&D activities, or even further serial production, based on previous developments, is an innovation activity, because these activities are stages of innovative projects lifecycle itself. Then it seems legit, to draw a conclusion, that in terms of high-technology production, company’s primary activity equals innovative activity. Basic characteristics of innovative activity of high-technology companies as assessment and forecasting object involves high level of uncertainty at every stage of projects lifecycle, high dependency on funding level of this activity, and high level and erratic structure of risk. All the above mentioned, means that assessment and forecasting of innovative activity of high-technology companies, needs development of its own methodological tools for each industry.

For the purposes of effective management of economic activity of the entities of insufficiently own accounting information. For objective assessment of a financial and economic provision of the entity it is necessary to pass from separate accounting data to certain valuable ratios of major factors – to financial performance or financial ratios. Calculation and interpretation of their values the integral and essentially necessary part of a financial analysis, especially it is important if the company has credit liabilities. Conditions of credit agreements often include accomplishment of credit covenants which represent restrictions for activities and a financial position of the company in addition to timely settlement of percent and a body of the credit and provide to lessors a certain level of safety from bankruptcy of the debtor. The article considers the covenants and financial covenants definitions; the main financial covenants containing in credit agreements between large banks and borrowers; data on structure of a credit portfolio and financial debt of NLMK as at June 30, 2016; the main financial covenants containing in credit agreements of the companies of NLMK Group; definitions and formulas of calculation of financial rates based on the IFRS financial statement; calculation of covenants on the example of IFRS consolidated financial statements of NLMK; subtleties of calculation of financial rates; the main differences of financial rates calculation based on the financial statements prepared on the different principles; conclusion about stability and a financial condition of NLMK by the results received during calculation financial covenants as at end of the first half of the year 2016.

The development of academic entrepreneurship as a way of transfer of innovation is an urgent task. One of the main factors in the development of academic entrepreneurship is innovation-oriented staff of higher education institutions. Insufficient attention of the scientific literature to importance of this factor is thwarting progress of various forms of academic entrepreneurship. In connection with this proposed study is aimed at determining the degree of scientific innovation activity influence on the development of academic entrepreneurship in Russia. Academic entrepreneurship in Russia has been chosen as the object of study. Analysis of the basic research in the field of academic entrepreneurship for the period of 2011-2016 years was used to achieve this goal. Analysis of publications was revealed that the innovative activity of the teaching staff of universities is a critical factor in the development of academic entrepreneurship. However, Russian scientists are characterized by low innovation activity, resulting in academic entrepreneurship in Russia is weak. The researchers suggest the following solutions to eliminate or minimize the effects of this problem: full awareness and moral training of the scientists involved in the innovation process of higher education institutions; profit payment; creating a psychological climate that will affect the scientific process of self-realization; continuous training of employees involved in the innovation process of higher education institutions; the creation of conditions that will contribute to the manifestation of creative activity of scientists; provide greater confidence to young scientists, graduate students and undergraduates; providing moral and material encouragement of initiatives, experimentation and creativity of scientific and pedagogical staff; the allocation of free time for scientists to research and search activities and others. The data obtained can be used by the guidance of Russian universities to enhance innovation activity of the teaching staff of universities.

As a result of Union State (Russia and Byelorussia) program conducting “Progressive resource-saving eco-friendly technologies and equipment for biologically completed mixed fodders development” innovative technology for mixed fodders expanding, including following basic operations: air-conditioning of grain-shaped mixed fodders; expanding of steamed mix; granulation of expanded mixed fodders; cooling of expanded mixed fodders; crushing of cooled expanded mixed fodders; classification of crush products or granules was developed. Production line for expanded mixed fodder of grain shape, granulated and small granules was developed. Efficiency of use of mixed fodders for chickens has shown the raised yield of meat for chickens of 3rd group (69.5%) in comparison with blank and 4th group (67.6 and 67.3%). Besides, chickens of 2nd group had the greatest weight of internal fat (34.2 g) in comparison with other groups. The analysis of the data on eggs-laying of hens-layers shows that eggs-laying of hens for the experimental period was in groups 61.1–66.6 eggs per 1 hen and depended on technology of mixed fodder preparation. However specified indicator was the highest for hens of the fourth group receiving small granules, and it was 9% above the blank group. At feeding expanded mixed fodders and small granules to hens-layers eggs-laying for 90 days of the registration period was 63.6–66.6 eggs, intensity of eggs-laying was 84.8–88.8%, the yield of egg weight was 4.2–4.4 kg at an expense of a forage for 10 eggs of 1.64–1.71 kg and 1 kg of egg weight of 2.53–2.57 kg. The conducted calculation of economic benefit of manufacture and use of expanded mixed fodders with application to growing of broilers was 4 512 900 rub.

In article features of import substitution in the socially oriented model determined as economy with the high level of the state income redistribution of subjects of managing and developed on this basis of system of social protection are considered. Import substitution is considered from the traditional point of view – creation of new productions and technologies which are implemented at the expense of own and borrowed funds of investors. The financial mechanisms for implementation of innovations promoting import substitution are offered: industry plans and road maps as availability of reference points for creation of rational amounts of the budget payments and financial resources of the entities necessary for upgrade of productions, and also the directions of financial resources for implementation of specific most important national priorities and innovative investment projects. The volume of investment into the fixed capital correlated to its cost considerably grew from 3.5% in 2003 to 11.6% in 2009, but value of this indicator isn't enough as degree of depreciation of fixed assets in economy of the region constituted 44.9% in 2009. Direct foreign investments prevail: in Krasnoyarsk Krai their share constituted in 2009 – 45.4%, Krasnodar Region – 40.5%, the Nizhny Novgorod Region – 84.5%. In the Voronezh region such entities as KBHA, Federal State Unitary Enterprise State Research and Production Space Center branch of M. V. Khrunichev the Voronezh Mechanical Plant, JSC Sozvezdiye Concern having the high technologies making safety of the country and especially needing investments function. In plans of urgent strategy of social and economic development of the Voronezh region it is supposed to increase specific weight of innovative products of such entities and to increase the level of innovative activity till 2020. The socially oriented model considering import substitution domestic technologies and products needs strengthening of the planning feature providing its financial mechanisms.

Forecasting methods, extrapolation ones in particular, are used in health care for medical, biological and clinical research. The author, using accessible internet space, has not met a single publication devoted to extrapolation of financial parameters of health care activities. This determined the relevance of the material presented in the article: based on health care financing dynamics in Russia in 2000–2010 the author examined possibility of application of basic perspective extrapolation methods - moving average, exponential smoothing and least squares. It is hypothesized that all three methods can equally forecast actual public expenditures on health care in medium term in Russia’s current financial and economic conditions. The study result was evaluated in two time periods: within the studied interval and a five-year period. It was found that within the study period all methods have an average relative extrapolation error of 3–5%, which means high precision of the forecast. The study shown a specific feature of the least squares method which were gradually accumulating results so their economic interpretation became possible only in the end of the studied period. That is why the extrapolating results obtained by least squares method are not applicable in an entire study period and rather have a theoretical value. Beyond the study period, however, this feature was found to be the most corresponding to the real situation. It was the least squares method that proved to be the most appropriate for economic interpretation of the forecast results of actual public expenditures on health care. The hypothesis was not confirmed, the author received three differently directed results, while each method had independent significance and its application depended on evaluation study objectives and real social, economic and financial situation in Russian health care system.

Modern practice of managing and its display in scientific publications demonstrate that development of world economy with all evidence proves the major role and the importance of sector of small business structures in national economy. In the modern world the national economy in many respects began to be determined by the balanced and sustainable development of the small business structures recognized now as conductors and creators of new opening and technologies, moreover, as the strategic instrument of the structural transformations of a modern economic system of the country often directed to high-quality increase in efficiency of reproduction process of regional economy. Now in Russia the level of development of an innovative entrepreneurship is very low. It is possible to state lack of properly created institutional environment for development of a small entrepreneurship in the innovative sphere. Clasterisation represents process of consolidation of a number of the organizations of various industries for increase in competitiveness, implementation of innovations, effective development and receipt of other benefits. According to separation of economy on real and virtual, the possibility of creation of both real, and virtual clusters increases. Creation and development of regional clusters will help to create the necessary level of activity of small business structures in innovative activities that will favorably affect increase in competitiveness of both regional, and national economy. The package of measures including measures for involvement of small business structures in clusters is developed for development of a cluster initiative and increase in innovative development of the region. Application of this program will allow to reach synergy effect at the expense of high degree of concentration and cooperation of small business structures and increase in effectiveness of their activities.

In today's economic conditions, characterized by a high degree of instability and uncertainty as the conditions for the functioning of economic entities, as well as political and economic conditions in general, in the management structure of the economy it is advisable to proceed from the position of the key concepts of management, optimally adapted to the real situation. In this context, it is necessary to use scientific innovation to improve the economic growth of economic entities through the effective functioning of the enterprise social infrastructure models. Lineup social infrastructure systems involves various models of a number of features of structure. In this regard, according to the strategic objectives of a business entity, on its socio-economic targets need to use all the resource capacity of the organization to achieve its objectives by means of integration in the social infrastructure system model that focuses on the efficient use of human resources in the process of increasing the economic performance of the company. So, guided by a number of basic principles of the successful implementation of social infrastructure mechanisms of enterprises, structure of the economy with a view to long-term effective operation, it is necessary to take into account the value of the vectors of the organizational culture of polarization in the motivation of personnel, which could be one of the levers of growth of efficiency of functioning of the enterprise, a powerful strategic tool to target all units and individual subjects for the organization, mobilize the initiative of employees and ensure productive interaction of subjects in the format “business-to-employee” rather than substantially predetermine the competitiveness and success of the organization in the long run.

Two years passed as the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a Resolution “On measures for implementation of the Decree of the President of Russia ‘On application of certain special economic measures to ensure security of the Russian Federation’” on the basis of which the regions developed a strategy of import substitution. In previous decades, the huge volume of imported products entered the domestic agricultural market. In the regions of the Russian Federation adopted their own strategies, programmes and plans for the food import substitution. The result of these institutional norms were changes in the agri-food markets. In this regard, noteworthy is the analysis revealed empirical trends and prospects for their correction. The object of research is the agricultural and food market of the North Caucasus Federal district; it is conducted in the context of the subjects. The article describes the main provisions of food import substitution programme in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

In this article views the result of analysis of condition of monetary movement on the present stage of development and reveals the main results the tendencies and the regularity of development. In the article provides an overview of monetary movement in Russia in the view of the evolutionary phases, including the dynamics of the last millennium. Displayed the assessment of the money weight in the beginning of the century, during the war, at the stage of the economic imbalances in the planned economy. As the results of the analysis of the main indicators of the dynamics of the money weight during the period of formation and development of a market economy.

Development of a transport complex of the region and transport servicing becomes more and more urgent every year and exerts the increasing impact on development of the region in general. In article basic provisions of transport servicing of economy of the region are determined. On the basis of a research of approaches to determination of transport servicing the author's understanding of this process is provided. The system of transport servicing of the region is considered as set of elements of transport infrastructure through which interaction the needs for cargo transfer and passengers in the region are satisfied. It is the open system having the isolated internal environment and interacting with the external environment. At the same time the internal environment consists of elements between which communication is much stronger, than with the elements constituting the external environment. In market conditions the urgent problem of uncertainty of the external environment influences in turn a condition and development of system of transport servicing of the region, changing external and internal conditions of its functioning. The characteristic of system of transport servicing of the region is provided. Methods of regulation of transport servicing are determined. Features of transport servicing of economy of the region are marked out: need of updating of a property, plant and equipment on transport and development of transport infrastructure; insufficient development of strategic planning of transport as single complex within transport system and in a general context of development of productive forces; the low investment and innovative activity in a motor transportation industry caused by reducing internal and foreign investments, decrease in financing from the government budget. The research of a condition of standard legal support of development of a transport complex in the Voronezh region is conducted, the analysis of the strategic and forecast documents regulating transport servicing in the region is given. The perspective directions of development of a transport complex of the region are determined: steady and effective functioning and development of transport as component of a production infrastructure of Russia is a necessary condition of stabilization and structural adjustment of economy. Regional economies create features of a national transport complex, the level of its development and the priority purposes.

At present time the high trade turnover is typical of the Russian economy, which in turn, activates a sufficient intensity of goods movement. Logistics, as a goods movement path in the context of a variety of delivery methods: road, air, water, pipeline, railroad transport, including across the customs border, is acutely affected by all kinds of economic transformation. Therefore, the creation of stable conditions for movement of goods under the terms of mutually beneficial cooperation is a priority for logistics. Trends of economic development are characterized by growth of integration processes which have expressed themselves positively and proven their economic suitability. Such transformations denote the necessity of the control mechanisms improvement, including logistics. The actual issue of business processes information support in circumstances of logistical integration is considered in this article. The basis of the information system consists of information and communication resources, tools and technologies, the use of which is aimed at solving specific problems for the shaping of information infrastructure, business process reengineering, supporting economic security of business. In process of this issue studying are becoming obvious undeniable advantages of information and communication technologies use in logistics operations, the gaining of which is possible as a result of an integrated system’s interests harmonization. The article provides evidence that the market has a certain influence on the improvement of information and communication systems and technologies for complex carrying out logistical operations, which, in turn, optimizes the duration of the movement of goods and related with this process costs, thereby determines the improvement of logistic conditions in terms of business growth and competitiveness development The article provides evidence that the market has a certain influence on the improvement of information and communication systems and technologies for complex carrying out logistical operations, which, in turn, optimize the duration of the movement of goods and value of related with this process costs, thereby logistic conditions in terms of business growth and competitiveness development are made better.

The Russian Federation’s economic development since 2012 can be described as a difficult phase in the strengthening of international economic relations, the period of the economy’s systematic decline. The main reason is the sanctions of the USA and EU against the Russian Federation. We can assert the situation of the external credit resources lack and the impossibility of previously concluded agreements with major Western suppliers for imports of high-tech equipment implementation. It becomes necessary to implement economic incentives to support the projects of import substitution industries developing and the competitiveness of the Russian export. In this work, the formation of clusters is considered as an effective way of supporting regions of the Russian Federation in providing the aim to produce the competitive products for international food market, tourism sector, construction market and for consumer goods and high technology markets. The capital inflow reduction into the Russian Federation as a result of the ruble savings’ conversion to the dollar – is the reason of the federal and regional import substitution policy development. The next aim is the endorsement of the Russian companies’ technological cooperation with the large foreign corporations.

Russian oil and gas companies take a leading role in the national economy and represent the state’s interests in the global oil and gas market. Production activity of the enterprises for the production of hydrocarbons is accompanied by the presence of a considerable number of risk factors. Article describes the characteristics of the main interpretations of the concept of “economic risk” and “uncertainty”, as well as methodical peculiarities of their evaluation. The basic disadvantages of used terms and generalizations “risk” categories of enterprises. The authors determined the specifics of the economic risk of oil and gas enterprises and its determinants. This has allowed choosing the most adapted formulation of the concept of “economic risk” to the conditions of activity of the enterprises of oil and gas complex. Article indicated by the urgency and problems of classification of risk factors in the activities of oil and gas companies. Authors have developed and presented to the four-dimensional matrix group of risk factors that affect the reliability and continuity of oil and gas production. he described method of filling and use of the matrix for the current group of risk factors forming the production of hydrocarbons. Characteristic stages of building the risk profile in the current activity of the enterprise based on the recommended matrix approach. The practical example of systematization of the risk factors of oil and gas companies. Proposed by the authors of factors classification is methodical instrument of economic risk management system in the enterprise. The recommended approach to the systematization of risk factors will ensure the completeness and accuracy of the evaluation of credentials, as well as gain an understanding of the place of occurrence of risk situations and the degree of influence on the result of industrial and economic activities of oil and gas companies. Article described the importance of quality classification and risk management that improve reliability and quantify the effectiveness of the control actions. The basic problem in the risk management system of oil and gas industry, the solution of which is achievable by applying the recommended universal classification of economic risk technology.

The article is devoted to consideration of issues concerning the peculiarities of the implementation in the Russian Federation of the import substitution policy and its influence on the development and functioning of the labor market in every period of economic instability. In the research process was the analysis of the main aspects of the labour market, the most important it trends and the impact of the import substitution policy in its formation, functioning and development; identified the most significant directions of development of the modern labor market in import-substituting production. It is possible to describe the set in the analysis features of functioning and development of the labor market in import-substituting production, highlighted its main features, with a direct impact on the formation, functioning and development of the labour market in import-substituting production. The study pointed out that the situation on the labour market of the Russian Federation, will slow down the efficiency of the import substitution program, without proper attention to the existing problems of employment and labour market, and without a system of education and qualification corresponding to the rate of technical-technological, informational development of enterprises, for-the formation of a positive image in demand on the labour market professions, without raising the prestige of working professions, no analysis of the demand in the labour market for the future and related skills. Developed proposals for improving the interaction between institutional labour market structures will minimize the modern negative trends and to contribute to its qualitative functioning and development. Therefore, we can conclude that the labor market development in import-substituting production will contribute to productive employment.

In article the indicators influencing sustainable development of the defensive entities on the basis of the analysis of financial results of their activities for data of annual accounting records with use of a method of the horizontal and vertical analysis are considered. The most important indicators of financial results of activities of JSC “Ryazan Radio Plant” and JSC “Tambov Plant Oktyabr” based on data of annual accounting records for 2015 were considered. Positive changes of the accounting period of JSC “Ryazan Radio Plant” are growth of revenue from sales for 28.11% and growth of a gross profit by 4.32% of rather similar indicators of previous year. Growth of a cost of sales and business expenses, negative balance of other incomes and expenses affected an indicator of a net profit which in comparison with indicators of previous year decreased as in absolute, and in percentage terms. By consideration of indicators of the second entity of JSC “Tambov Plant Oktyabr” positive and negative changes were noted. The entity had an increase in revenue by 16.64%, a gross profit for 14.39%, a sales profit for 11.92%, profit to the taxation for 41.17% and a net profit for 44.36% that demonstrates effective work of the entity on providing a strong growth of an equity. Indicators of the second analyzed entity are represented more preferable, than the first, but nevertheless both entities need to analyze independently expenses and the income from regular, investing and financial activities for further successful development.

According to the new "National security strategy of the Russian Federation, sustainable socio-economic development is the basis of national economic security. UN conceptual model of sustainable development is considered. The “Club of Rome” founder’s Aurelio Peccei point of view that world could be presented by interrelated but sufficiently stable elements: Nature, Man, Society, science-based Technique is mentioned (early 1980s). Today, sustainable socio-economic development of the national economy is determined by: Nature, Man, Society, Technology, Economy and Infrastructure. To support this opinion, statements of leading scientists, politicians, business representatives are given: A. Aganbegian, M. Friedman, V. Sidorov, V. Inozemtsev, G. Gref. The author's model of sustainable socio-economic development of the national economy is presented. The position of Russia according to the “2016 Global R&D Funding Forecast”, compiled by well-known scientific periodical “R&DMagazine” is presented. Classification of indicators groups, taken from the Russian and foreign statistical data books (Russian Statistical Yearbook, IRI, R&D Magazine, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, CIA Factbook, OECD), according to the elements of an integrated system of sustainable socio-economic development of the national economy is given. Implementation aggregating partial indices into an integrated index for each group and their population as a whole is proposed. For each private indicator is proposed to develop three levels of threshold values (acceptable, marginal and critical) for sustainable socio-economic development of the national economy and security. Since innovation is a key mechanism for the concept of sustainable socio-economic development of the national economy in a new tenor of technology, the need for innovative development of all elements of the proposed integrated system is required.

Currently, the problem of sustainable development of enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex has not only military, but economic importance. The article provides an analysis of the availability, scope, composition and structure of the basic production assets of JSC "Concern "Sozvezdie" for 2013-2015, and analysis of efficiency of use of the basic production assets in JSC "Concern "Sozvezdie" for 2013-2015. JSC "Concern "Sozvezdie" JSC approved the program of innovative development and technological modernization, the development objective of which is the proved choice of the list and content of activities, the implementation of which should ensure the development of the Concern as a scientific and industrial socio-economic system – a holistic entity. Assessment of the dynamics of the basic production assets has shown that the security of JSC "Concern "Sozvezdie" OPF for 2013-2015 increased by 89,81%. The degree of updating of production assets during the period was 50.7%. The analysis of the efficiency of the basic production assets in JSC "Concern "Sozvezdie" has shown that for every 1% increase in revenue major funds have grown by 0.65%. The rate of fondamenti decreased by 18.2%. The assessment of efficiency of use of the basic production assets of JSC "Concern "Sozvezdie" shows that the total technical re-equipment of scientific and technological, testing and production and technological base of the enterprises of the Concern is directed on creation of production capacities to ensure serial production of advanced weapons, military and special equipment in the framework of the state defense order, as the main activity of the majority of the companies of the Group, and reconstruction, the expansion and creation of production to the production of innovative civilian products.

The article presents topical characteristics of small business importance in the economy. The main features of this category of companies are presented, the topicality of searching alternative funding form for functioning in the macroeconomic instability is proved. It shows that in the crisis period of economy priority funding sources might become less affordable. As an alternative the author suggests crowdfunding. The main forms of crowdfunding such as crowdinvesting and crowdlending are presented. The article deals with economic substance of each form of crowdfunding. Worldwide crowdfunding volumes are analyzed; the barriers of Russian development of this phenomenon are presented. The differences between crowdfunding and charity are shown, crowdfunding classification depending on type of rewards is presented. The essence of each type of rewards is revealed. The classification system of crowdinvesting depending on type of capital is shown. The total amount of funds raised by crowdinvesting platforms is presented. Author highlights crowdinvesting volume forecast in Russia. Crowdlending classification depends on financial direction is shown. The main participants of crowdlending process such as banks, credit bureaus and collectors are considered. The author describes detailed scheme of their interaction. The main features and key participants of crowdlending platform functioning are revealed. Average value of crowdlending financing is pointed out by the author. The author distinguishes topical reasons of insufficient functioning of crowdlending platforms in our country. The article presents authors position in regard to the crowdfunding forms of financing for small business.

Cooperation of partners is a necessity for innovative projects with a high influence on a society. Such projects are usually closely related to changes in socio economic environment of a city, region or even a whole country. In this day and age, number of projects impossible to implement by a resource of a single (even diversified) company, has grown significantly. “Network cooperation” have gone mainstream in many countries and industries. But even these days this term has multiple descriptions. This article observe specifics of network cooperative structures that affecting regions of project implementation in a considerable way. The key topics of this article are factors affecting business to establish cooperative network structures as well as potential outcome of such a management practice. This management practice will require an additional demand for development of processes and mechanisms of cooperative network management. In order to create these mechanisms and practices it is necessary to combine methodological approach of disciplines like “net economy”, project management, institution economy and neoinstitutionalism, organizational theory, management science etc. On the border of these approaches and methods might be received a result of methodology, algorithms and practical approaches for management of such structures. At this moment we may constant a global tendency for an increasing share of cooperation projects among all innovative projects implemented by separate companies In a long-term perspective global players will strengthen this tendency due to a globalization of markets and economies. These trends indicate necessity of development of an efficient way of management and models of coordination of network cooperative structures.

Large-scale structural reform of the socio-economic system of the country require a detailed institutional analysis of the national economy. Different interpretations of institutional reforms are analyzed, the improved definition of institutional reforms is given. The problems of the capital movement in the economy and the industrial sector are viewed. It was found that a change in capital structure causes the change of reproduction processes, including through import substitution. The author analyzed modern interpretations of import substitution, five scientific approaches to the definition of this concept are identified. The main characteristics of the import substitution are determined. The author gives a comprehensive definition of import substitution as a qualitative change in the economy, contributing to the development of production of goods similar to imported from abroad, and causing the increase of competitiveness of their products, domestic producers and the entire state in order to achieve innovative growth. The author reveals that economic growth stimulation should focus on the optimization of resource substitution in sectors which has a low dependence on imports, and to take into account the modified optimum Pareto in areas with a high or critical levels of import dependence. Federal programs for technical upgrading and modernization are not able to accelerate the pace of economic growth, however, can provide an acceptable level of economic security in the region and create conditions for the innovative development of the country and improving the competitiveness of the national economy. The advantages and disadvantages of import substitution are systematized. The author concludes that successful import substitution policy requires detailed and comprehensive program of import substitution which implementation will accelerate the country's economic growth.

In article the concept "strategic competitiveness" which includes target characteristics of subjects of the market is considered, namely, a capability to get competitive advantages before rivals and to realize them to own advantage. The concept "strategic competitiveness" entered scientific use relatively recently. Approaches to the concept "strategic competitiveness" are considered. On the one hand, it is specified that forecast values of competitiveness can't be (R. Fatkhutdinov's opinion), and with another – potential opportunities of the entity to get advantages is an essence of a concept of competitiveness – determine efficiency of economic structure. Competitiveness represents complex and system category of market economy. The goods giving to the subject of the market of a benefit before competitors, doing it competitive deserve determination “competitiveness” which reflects a potential possibility of the producer (seller) to reach the corresponding competitiveness in the market. "Business competitiveness (firms) in the conditions of marketing orientation is a capability of economic units to effective functioning in the market based on goods offering, the buyers answering to requests and preferences concerning quality, quantity and an assortment in necessary terms and on conditions, more profitable in comparison with competitors". At the same time property of goods more fully to answer requests of buyers in comparison with similar goods (the price, quality), and also interrelation of the competitive entities with industry and government institutions is considered. As a result of a research was the essence of the term "strategic competitiveness" on the basis of synthesis of the concepts "strategy" and "competitiveness" is formulated. Feature of "strategic competitiveness" is that it is shown only in the conditions of strategic management.