Studies have been carried out on the purification of biogas from sulfur compounds, carbon dioxide and water vapor for subsequent use in micronizer burners. The possibility of bringing it to the parameters of natural gas of the following composition: methane (CH4) – 85 % vol., carbon dioxide СО2 – 11 % vol., water vapor – 9 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide H2S - 20 mg/m3 with minimal energy costs for its preparation is demonstrated. The basic relationships are obtained for assessing the design and technological parameters of the infrared radiation burners operation. Experimental studies of the flame stability limits on perforated ceramic nozzles have shown that flashback through them is possible when the thermal power is increased to a certain critical value. In this case, the thermal power depends on the type of gas and the air content in the combustible mixture. The heat balance equations have been derived to optimize the designs and operation modes of infrared radiation burners. The design of 40 gas burners was improved by changing the geometric dimensions and shape for a uniform distribution of biogas supplied and sustainable combustion over the entire area of the burner. It was established that the temperature of the heating surface of the GIK-8 burner on gas mixtures with a CO2 content of 18-34 % is 900-950 ° C, which does not differ from the nominal temperature when operating on natural gas. The infrared heating system was modernized, adapted for burning purified biogas with methane content up to 98 %, in particular, the biomethane feed and control system, the additional biogas input system, and the automatic burner control system were improved.

Beet pulp is the main by-product of the sugar industry, obtained by the traditional technology of sugar production. Pulp is used for livestock feed in fresh, sour and dry form. Molasses is the second by-product. It is a dark brown viscous liquid. It thickens and loses fluidity at low temperatures (below 10 ° C). Its viscosity depends on the heating temperature to a large extent. Caramelization of sugars occurs with increasing temperature in molasses, i.e., their transformation into a solid crystalline mass takes place. Molasses is used in the feed industry for granulating and briquetting feeds as a binding ingredient. When molasses is introduced into dried beet pulp, the mixture becomes very viscous, which complicates mixing. High demands are made on the mixing of the components of feed briquettes, since upon obtaining such products this process should ensure its high uniformity and stability. In the technological processes for the manufacture of feed mixtures, the initial task is the operation of the components mixing, the results of which affect the eatability and digestibility of feed. The task of mixing is to obtain the best mixture uniformity. This process takes a lot of time and therefore has a large energy consumption. To solve this problem, we offer a mixer with 3 chambers with different working elements, each of which has different elementary mixing processes: convective mixing, diffusion mixing and segregation. The choice of rational parameters of the mixing process will ensure the high quality product with minimal energy costs..

In the food and chemical industry, the design of new process pipelines and modernization of existing pipeline systems for transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products is a complex organizational and technical task, one of the stages of which is to carry out the necessary hydraulic calculations. It is common practice in domestic and foreign practices to hydraulically calculate pipeline lines based on the flow intricacy equation and the Bernoulli equation for a real viscous liquid, which takes into account pressure losses on friction and on overcoming local pipeline resistances. With this approach, hydraulic calculation is a multivariate task, as there are infinite combinations of pipeline diameter - differential pressure parameters, unequal from both economic and technical positions. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the work shows the expediency of carrying out hydraulic calculation of pipeline lines according to techno-economic indicators. Total annual costs for creation and operation of the process pipeline, which are a linear superposition of capital and operating costs, are proposed as a criterion for technical and economic optimization of process pipelines. The work proposes design ratios for determining the optimum diameter of the process pipeline based on the condition of minimization of the total annual costs for its creation and operation taking into account the current prices and tariffs for the pipeline and electric power, routing of the pipeline, conditions of its operation, as well as properties of the transported medium. On the example of hydraulic plant for pumping of molasses, computational experiments were carried out to assess the influence of pipeline diameter and mass flow rate of transported medium on technical and economic indices of process pipeline and its optimal parameters were determined. In order to estimate the efficiency of optimization measures, the criterion is proposed, which allows to compare the total annual costs for creation and operation of process pipelines with optimal and different parameters.

The main objective of the experimental study of all processes is the analysis, study and generalization of all available results. In accordance with the idea of a step search, the experiment was carried out in several stages. The number of stages and actions at each of them depended on the results of the previous stage and the ultimate goal of research. The ultimate goal of the study is to determine the optimal conditions for the process of mixing the liquid aggregates to obtain a homogeneous structure. Studies of the mixing process were carried out on an experimental setup created at the department. To process experimental studies, the STATISTICA 12 software package was used. To obtain the regression equation, the matrix data were processed using the Microsoft Excel 2010 software package. To optimize the process, the output parameters were converted to a dimensionless scale of desirability d. It was established that the desirability function D, which characterizes the adequacy of the obtained values, has an extremum in experiment 12 and is 0.733666. Based on the obtained data, the following parameters should be considered optimal when mixing liquid aggregates: the peripheral speed of the mixer shaft is within 4 m/s, while the mixing time is 8 s and the refrigerant concentration is 20%.

Currently, in the technology of bakery products, it is important to replace margarine with vegetable oil, which is rich in vitamins, provitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, which will enrich the finished product not only with useful substances, but also equalize the ratio of omega-3 and omega-6, increase nutritional value. The purpose of the work is to determine the rational dosage of corn oil, as well as the ratio of linolenic and linoleic fatty acids in a bakery product. The object of study was a bun "Family" with germinated flax seeds (TU 9110-500-02068108-2018) with a different dosage of corn oil. In the work, generally accepted methods for studying the properties of finished products were used. The rational dosage was established by studying the organoleptic (shape, color, baking, promess, porosity, taste, smell), physicochemical (moisture, acidity, form stability, specific volume) and structural-mechanical indicators (general deformation, ductility, elasticity, relative ductility and elasticity). The result of the study is the development of a new bun recipe with sprouted flax seeds with the addition of 4% corn oil to the mass of flour. The addition of an enrichment agent contributed to an increase in the specific volume of the product by 14%, total deformation – by 22 units. instrument, plasticity – by 13 units. device, elasticity – by 9 units. device. The ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 in the bun was 1: 2, which is within the guidelines (FGBNU FITS Nutrition and Biotechnology). According to the research results, the bun can be characterized as a balanced product with polyunsaturated fatty acids, intended for functional nutrition, which will expand the range of bakery products.

Irkutsk region is rich in land that is suitable for agricultural activities. The total sown area of agricultural crops in the Irkutsk region is 759 thousand hectares (2019). The main place is occupied by grain and leguminous crops, the total area of which is 540 thousand hectares (71.1%). In their structure, the first place belongs to spring wheat, the second place is taken by spring barley, the third-by oats. Due to the need to strengthen the feed base, forage crops play an increasing role. Yield depends on many factors, primarily weather conditions. For photosynthesis, plant crops need sunlight. By the number of Sunny days, the Irkutsk region is not inferior to the Crimea. There are 221 Sunny days per year. If weather conditions are correctly predicted, a high yield can be achieved. To assess the absorption of solar energy by grain crops, the radiation balance was considered in this article. Photosynthetic plant pigments absorb light and convert it from solar energy to chemical energy, which results in active plant growth. To forecast the future harvest, it is necessary to calculate the intensity and duration of solar radiation, which is the most important condition for further production of agricultural products. A study was conducted on the effectiveness of using insolation in the Irkutsk region for sowing wheat. The radiation balance was compiled, which allowed us to identify the maximum solar radiation favorable for wheat growth. To determine the amount of effective radiation, measurements were made of soil temperature, air humidity, and meteorological conditions in the Irkutsk region.

In recent years, the annual processing of sugar beet in Russia is 45 million tons or more, which allows to produce white sugar in the amount of 6.0 million tons or more. during the production season, the quality of beets does not remain constant – not only its sugar content changes, but also the content of harmful soluble non-sugars, as well as physical and chemical parameters - the mass of root crops decreases due to wilting, reducing turgor, respiration and germination, rotten mass appears as a result of microbiological and enzymatic processes and the formation of foci of mucous bacteriosis. One of the main tasks of improving the diffusion process is to increase the elasticity of beet tissue and reduce the intensity of the transition of pectin substances into the diffusion juice. This goal is achieved by using effective chemical reagents in the composition of the feed water introduced into the diffusion apparatus, as well as processing of beet chips immediately before the sucrose extraction process; reducing the temperature of desugarisation of beet pulp in the diffusion apparatus in the allowable interval. The method of intensification of sucrose extraction using the method of treatment of feed water in an electric field is proposed. Improvement of the dispersed composition of the resulting sediment particles is facilitated by the return to the preliming of the carbonate suspension of juice II saturation, carried out using an activated suspension of filter perlite. The homogeneity of calcium carbonate particles and correspondingly high filtration rates of saturation juice are formed due to the active circuit of the internal circulation of the juice. The use of the proposed recommendations during the implementation of technological processes in their implementation in modern equipment of the diffusion process and purification of the obtained juice allow to minimize the negative consequences of beet processing both at the initial stage of the production season when technically not ripe root crops are received, and during the end of the season when processing raw materials of reduced quality.

The positive effect on the human body of polyunsaturated fatty acids is confirmed by numerous studies. Therefore, it seems relevant to create food systems for the enrichment of consumer goods with physiologically active and essential substances, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect of alimentary shunting of the human body with polyunsaturated fatty acids depends on many factors, the most important are their amount in the diet, composition, ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, the presence of antioxidants. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for managing the quality of food systems to balance the ratio of (-6 and (-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. A software product was developed that allows you to select the ratio of the components in the food composition for the given ratios (-6/(-3. As an example, a food enrichment system was selected, consisting of oilcake of wheat germ, amaranth and pumpkin oils. The created software product allows you to work with other food systems. As a result of data processing, a nomogram was obtained to determine the percentage ratio of (-6/(-3 fatty acid components in the food system. A software product has been developed that makes it possible to select the content of the third component in food compositions according to two fixed quantitative values of the components that satisfies the given ratio of (-6/(-3 acids. A variant of the food composition is proposed and the work of the developed software product is tested. It has been established that a food enrichment system based on cake of wheat germ oil, amaranth oil and pumpkin oils can be used to enrich food products with polyunsaturated fatty acids, and this creates the possibility of targeted regulation of the ratio of (-6/(-3 fatty acids. The developed software allows, in production conditions, depending on the availability of certain types of raw materials, to select the best options for food compositions and choose the most suitable option in the current production situation, make decisions on the movement of raw materials at the enterprise after analyzing the data.

The research results concerning the application of physical methods of plant raw materials influencing - fresh beetroot - to inhibit microorganisms of Salmonella genus were presented in the work. Pathogenic microorganisms of Salmonella genus pose a threat to humans, being causative agents of typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and other salmonellosis. The use of effective and available physical methods of influence in the fruit and vegetable processing technology allows us to ensure the maximum conservation of physiologically valuable components of the raw material and its safety. Microwave (microwave field) and ultraviolet radiation were chosen as physical methods for research. The sterilizing effect of the microwave field was clearly expressed - the bacteria survival after such a treatment was 2 or more times less than during heat treatment. Treatment with ultraviolet radiation has a bactericidal effect and is characterized by a minimal effect on the plant materials organoleptic properties. A comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the inhibition of the Salmonella test culture on diced fresh beets after treatment with the selected physical methods was carried out during the study. The samples temperature rose up to 43–46 °C under the influence of a microwave field in the selected mode with a power of 400 W, a duration of 40 s, and a flux density of 0.44 W / cm2. Treatment with ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the C-band (wavelength 253.7 nm) was carried out for 15 min with a dose of 50 kJ / m2 with a total power of ultraviolet lamps equal to 60 V. Processing of fresh chopped beets with UV radiation reduced the number of microorganisms by 5 orders of magnitude from the initial amount. Processing in a microwave field allowed to reduce the initial seed contamination of raw materials by 7 orders of magnitude. Sequential processing in a microwave field and subsequent ultraviolet radiation allowed us to reduce the initial beets seedling by 8 orders of magnitude. The combination of processing methods (microwave + UV) showed the effectiveness of their application to reduce pathogenic microflora.

The method of capillary electrophoresis can be used to assess the quality, safety, falsification and identification of food and beverages. It is characterized by high accuracy (up to 97%) and efficiency. Using it, you can determine the content of various cations and anions, organic acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, preservatives, antioxidants, flavonoids, synthetic dyes, which are of great importance for the technological control of production at the enterprise. The method of capillary electrophoresis allows you to determine the naturalness and quality of soft drinks and alcoholic drinks by detecting the presence or absence of organic acids in the sample, as well as analyzing their quantitative content and ratio, makes it possible to control enzymatic processes and correlate with the taste of the final product. In addition, this method can be used to assess the quality of water used as the main raw material for the production of beverages. It allows you to determine the content of pesticides and fungicides in the raw materials used for the production of food and beverages. The method is based on the electromigration of ions and electroosmosis and, as a consequence, the separation of a complex multicomponent system in a quartz capillary. The bottom line is that after applying voltage up to 30 kV to the prepared capillaries for analysis, the components of the mixture begin to move along the capillary at different speeds, thereby reaching the detection zone at different times. Thus, separation and subsequently detection of the test substances in a particular product, drink or raw material is achieved.

When developing modes of food products thermal sterilization, it is necessary to determine the conditions for microorganisms test cultures and their spores guaranteed death in the least heating zone. The location of this zone is a critical parameter in thermal processes. At present, there are conflicting ideas about the localization and possible migration of the zone of least heating in the process of thermal sterilization of products with convective heat transfer. The kinetics of localization of the zone of least heating in the medium volume with convective heat transfer during heat treatment in conjunction with rheological properties was studied in the work. The clarified apple juice for baby food of domestic production was used as the object of study. The probe was placed so that the thermocouple was located on the vertical axis of the can at a geometric height of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 mm. At each height value of the thermocouple, the jar with the sample was thermostated for 20 minutes, and then quickly cooled for 10 minutes. Heating was carried out at a thermostat temperature of 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C. The dynamics of rheological properties under isothermal conditions at temperatures of 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60°C and a range of shear rates from 0 to 700 s – 1 were also studied in the samples. As a result of the studies carried out, the presence of the migration of the zone of least heating during the heat treatment of single-phase media with convective heat transfer was determined experimentally, its kinetics was studied, the non-linear and reversible nature of the migration of the zone of least heating was established. The mechanism of the process of migration of the zone of least heating was proposed taking into account the dynamics of the rheology of the heated medium and the convective flows interaction.

This paper presents the results of experimental study on the possibility of improving consumer properties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa – var. Dubachuk MC) grown under the conditions of closed system in ISR-0.1 phytotron by applying foliar treatment of different concentrations of 1-ethoxysilatran - a new silicon based preparation belonging to Silatrans group. The trail demonstrated no effect of the preparation when applied in a concentration of 5.10-4 ml/l in ES1 treatment. However, the effectiveness starts upon using higher concentrations. The best yield components were obtained as a result of foliar treatments of ES3 and ES4 with concentrations of 5.10-3 and 10-2 ml/l respectively. Applying foliar treatment in vegetative phase resulted in complex effect of activation of physiological processes in plants, stimulating the photosynthetic activity and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments by recording a 22.7% increase in chlorophyll-a and 18.6% in carotenoids content in fresh leaves. Nitrate accumulation recorded 792.3 mg/100g in ES4 which is 2.7 times higher than the control. Also, an increase in dry matter content by 12.2%, pigments by 16.3%, total antioxidants capacity, a 40% increase in ascorbic acid content were recorded. While only slight increase in total phenolic content was observed in higher concentrations. These overall considerable influences in metabolic activities lead to a better productivity in case of production mass. Further studies should be concerning the effect of 1-ethoxysilatran on other leafy vegetables and prolonging the storage of them.

An important task of beer production is to increase the physiological activity of yeast to intensify the fermentation process. Dry top-fermented brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fermentis, Safale T-58, France were selected for the investigation. The method of activation of brewer's yeast by ultrasound with a vibration frequency of 44 kHz was studied in the work. Ultrasonic technologies can dramatically intensify the process and improve the finished products quality. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of the Bashkir State Agrarian University on the ultrasonic processing device VGT-800. A yeast suspension was prepared for the study. It was placed in the ultrasonic device and subjected to ultrasonic treatment at a vibration frequency of 44 kHz. During exposure, the temperature was measured every minute from 1 to 20, and 25, 30, 35 min, and the yeast cells survival by the dead cells percentage was studied. It was found out that under the influence of ultrasound, heating of the medium at 1 ° C for 1 min takes place, and the medium reaches the temperature of 57 ° C by the 40th min of treatment. The percentage of dead cells in the treated medium was also studied. At the same time, a pure culture was selected from each sample by plating on wort agar for further research on the safety of acquired properties. Ultrasound-treated yeast served as inoculum at the fermentation stage of beer wort. Fermentation was carried out at a temperature of 22 ° C. Morphological characteristics of yeast were monitored during fermentation: the total number of cells, the number of budding cells, cells with glycogen. When fermenting beer wort, the fermentation activity increased by 36% in experiment 2 during the treatment of sowing yeast with ultrasound for 2 min. The remaining samples differed slightly from the control during the first 72 hours of fermentation and lost their fermentation activity after 80 hours of fermentation. The physicochemical parameters of the finished beer samples were studied on the "Kolos-2" device.

The authors proposed a milk-containing product with a substitute for milk fat, produced according to the technology of sour cream using a protective culture in order to prolong the shelf life. The use of protective starter cultures does not require additional equipment or changes in technological parameters. The protective culture is introduced along with the main sourdough and works according to the traditional principle of fermentation, as well as through competitive exclusion, i.e. taking up space and reducing the possibility for the growth of yeast, molds and BGKP. Two developments of a milk-containing product were carried out - the first using a protective culture (experimental sample), the second without using a protective culture (control sample). The products are stored for 40 days at a temperature of 4 ± 2 °C. In the control sample, on day 30, yeast growth, deterioration in organoleptic indices, increase in titratable acidity were observed, on day 40, the product was considered spoiled. In the experimental sample, organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological parameters during storage were within normal limits. The shelf life of a milk-containing product with a milk fat substitute produced using the technology of sour cream is determined using a protective culture taking into account a safety factor of 30 days. An increase in the shelf life of the latter by 30% was established in comparison with the control sample.

The relevance of the above technological process makes it possible to reduce intensity of fish smell and taste, to improve color, to form a more dense structure and to increase shelf life of minced cod. For the first time minced cod was washed by Electrolyzed – water (EW-water) containing various concentrations of active chlorine, as well as free radicals. The influence of different concentration of active chlorine ions on physical and chemical characteristics of washed minced cod was determined. The optimum concentration of active chlorine ions was determined. The amount of removed water-soluble proteins depends on the type of water and the concentration of active chlorine in it. Pure and electrolyzed - water was characterized before and after washing minced cod. The rheological characteristics of minced cod washed by EW - water with different concentrations of active chlorine ions do not change significantly at a concentration in the range from 25 to 150 mg/l. With a concentration of active chlorine ions more than 200 mg / l, the ultimate shear stress increases significantly, the texture of minced cod becomes too dense, which negatively affects the sensory characteristics. Dependence of ratio of protein coefficient and suitability level of minced cod for preparation of high-quality food product was determined. It was found that washing of the minced cod removes water-soluble proteins, which leads to a change in their ratio with salt-soluble proteins, as a result of which the protein coefficient increases by 1.5-2.4 times. The advantage of washing minced cod by electrolyzed – water, which differs in better rheological characteristics compared to minced cod washed with pure water, was justified.

The basic information on the functional properties of combined minced meat, developed on the basis of a combination of products of animal and vegetable origin, in one culinary product is presented. This mutual addition of the formulation with various components allows you to create a product that best meets the needs of the body according to nutritional value. The purpose of research is the development of technology and formulations of minced meat products with dietary supplements. The objects of study in the development of recipes and technology for minced meat products were: beef, beef and lamb; banana puree, rice flour, carrot and pumpkin powder as a dietary supplement. As a plasticizing additive used butter. The use of additives of plant origin allows you to stabilize the functional and technological properties of raw materials, increase biological value, emphasize the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Mashed potatoes, flour and powder are rich in minerals and vitamins, dietary fiber, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rare chemical composition of the presented additives helps to improve the taste and increase the nutritional and biological value of the combined meat culinary products. We used standard and generally accepted sensory, rheological, physicochemical and microbiological methods for studying raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products. Mathematical processing of the research results was carried out using the software package Curve Expert Ver. 1.34. The method of selecting components revealed promising combinations for enriching traditional formulations with plant components. Meat steamed meatballs have been developed both with the addition of vegetables (white cabbage, carrots and pumpkin), and without adding. The mass fraction of moisture of a steam crate with beef, lamb and cabbage is 12% higher than that of a steam cue with beef and pumpkin, and 10% more than a steam cue with beef and carrots. The mass fraction of fat in a chicken meat parrot with beef and pumpkin is 15% higher than that of a steam chicken with beef, lamb and cabbage and 4% than in a steam chicken with beef and carrots. The most corrected amino acid composition in meatballs of steam with beef and mutton.

The basic information about the functional properties of combined fish minced meat, developed on the basis of a combination of animal and vegetable products in a specialized product. Food products with functional properties are timely, and their development is relevant. The purpose of research is the development of technology and formulations of minced fish products with dietary supplements. The objects of study in the development of the recipe and technology of model minced fish were: pollock, cod; wheat bread from premium flour, oil extract of dried mushrooms, juniper oil extract, coriander oil extract and Moby Lux Universal as a dietary supplement. As a plasticizing additive and flavoring substances used oil extracts of plant materials. The use of additives of plant origin allows you to stabilize the functional and technological properties of raw materials, increase biological value, emphasize the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Oil extracts of plant materials and Mobi-Lux Universal are rich in minerals and vitamins, dietary fiber, protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids. The rare chemical composition of the presented additives helps to improve the taste and increase the nutritional and biological value of combined fish culinary products. We used standard and generally accepted sensory, rheological, physicochemical and microbiological methods for studying raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products. Mathematical processing of the research results was carried out using the Curve Expert Ver software package. 1.34. New taste qualities of fish steam cutlets have been developed, both with the addition of dietary supplements, such as dried mushroom extract, coriander extract and Moby Lux Universal, and without addition (control). It was found that even with short-term storage in all samples and control, the pH of the medium decreases in the range 1.31 – 1.36%. The obtained water-holding ability (WCS) of fish minced meat is in the range: for cutlets 74.3–77.2%; steaks 75.4 – 79.3%; raw minced meat – 72.2%. The most adjusted amino acid composition of steam cutlets with Moby-Lux Universal. Unconventional gamma obtained in cutlets and steaks with extract of dried mushrooms, coriander extract.

The results of the development of a curd functional product with vegetable filler Melissa officinalis L. are presented. An analysis of the health status of the population carried out in recent years by the World Health Organization shows that the world community is facing acute questions related to the need to prevent the so-called “diseases of civilization”, which include diseases of the cardiovascular system, oncology, diseases associated with impaired lipid metabolism and the gastrointestinal tract, al ergii, decreased immunity, disorders of the nervous system. According to experts, many of these diseases leading to death, disability or disability have a steady upward trend. Up to 44% of the population of our country suffer from cardiovascular diseases (as of December 2019), while more than 82% have functional disorders leading to them. Malignant neoplasms and precancerous conditions are observed in 39% of the adult population, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are found in more than 48% of the working population of the country. The solution to these problems may be the development of functional food products.

The most rational and promising way to solve the problem of healthy nutrition, according to most scientists and specialists, is to combine raw materials of meat and vegetable origin. To obtain functional products, an important factor is not only the enrichment of food products with vegetable raw materials, but also the stabilization of the quality of meat systems. The use of vegetable components in addition to raw meat makes it possible to obtain combined products that are diverse in composition, which significantly expands the range of high-quality products and creates the possibility of designing products of a given composition. Also, it was found that the content of only meat or vegetable protein in food has less biological value than their mixture. The combination of vegetable and meat protein is well achieved in paste products. The article highlights the development of technology for the production of functional foods using meat and vegetable raw materials. The study objective was the development of combined food products for medical, prophylactic and functional purposes. An improved recipe for meat paste with the addition of vegetable ingredients is proposed. According to the developed technology, experimental development of several samples of cooked sausage “Appetitnaya” was carried out on the basis of a balanced ratio of the main food components, providing increased digestibility and digestibility. Production tests of product development were conducted. Quality assessment by organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological indicators of the finished product was carried out according to generally accepted methods.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of granular compound feeds with the introduction of probiotic preparation «Prostor», «Sporotermin» and sorbent «Fungistat-GPK» for fattening young rabbits. Studies of the effectiveness of full-size granulated feed were conducted on a population of young rabbits at the age of 45 days, selected according to the principle of groups of analogues and divided into 3 groups in the conditions of a private farm "O. V. Kuznetsova" 15 individuals were selected in each group. The live weight of the experimental groups exceeded the control group's peers when they reached age: 75 days by 85.0 and 251.0 g or 3.99 and 11.80%, 90 days - by 225, 0 and 435, 0 g or 9.04 and 17.49 % and 105 days-139.0 and 245.0 g or 4.37 and 7.70 %. The average daily increase in the control group was 26.55 g, in the experimental group 27.70 and 29.56 g, respectively. Hematological indicators of blood in the experimental groups indicate an increase in the number of red blood cells at the end of fattening (5,35-6,49 1012/l), and there is an increase in the total protein content in rabbits of the experimental groups to 75.82 and 75.99 g/l, which exceeds the values of this indicator of the control group by 3.45 and 0.17 g/l or 4.75 and 0.23%. This trend indicates an intensification of metabolic processes and the possible receipt of the largest increases in live weight. It was found that rabbits of the experimental groups had a slaughter yield of 63.01 and 65.03%, which exceeded the values of this indicator (56.84%) of the control group. The inclusion of enriched compound feeds in feed rations will help to improve the safety and productivity of reared rabbits and creates prerequisites for the large-scale use of these feed resources in the conditions of industrial rabbit breeding.

The basic information about the possibility of regulating the functional and technological properties of forcemeat systems from skinny ocean fish using fat-containing products, flavoring additives, structure-forming agents and functional food supplements is presented. This mutual addition of the recipe with various components allows you to create a combined special-purpose mincemeat and products based on it that best meet the needs of the body for nutritional and biological value. The purpose of the research is to regulate the functional and technological properties of forcemeat systems from skinny ocean fish using functional supplements. The objects of study in regulating the functional and technological properties of minced systems were pollock, cod, wheat bread from premium flour, butter extract of dried mushrooms, Provencal mayonnaise and Mobi-Lux Universal as a dietary supplement. Oil extracts of plant materials made it possible to stabilize the functional and technological properties of the raw materials, increase the biological value, and emphasize the organoleptic characteristics of the finished product. Nutritional supplements along with Mobi-Universal Universal enriched minced Ca, Fe and I, as well as vitamins, dietary fiber and protein. We used standard and generally accepted sensory, rheological, physicochemical and microbiological methods for studying raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products. A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of raw materials with ocean fish was carried out to establish benefits. The high protein content in fish raw materials and Mobi-Lux Universal will help to structure the product, increase nutritional value, and adjust the structural and mechanical properties of minced systems. It was found that the WCS for the experimental sample of pollock minced meat reaches a maximum value of 75.9–77.1%, which is 3.5% higher than the WCS of the control sample; a similar tendency is observed for a sample of minced meat from cod - the WCL reaches 78.3–79.9%, which is 3.9% higher than the same indicator for the control sample. The PNS of minced meat containing pollock is almost 2 times higher than the value of this indicator in the control sample; for cod PNS is 25% higher than that of the control.

This study presents the results of the effect of a dry powder obtained from Antonovka apples growing in the Kursk region on the composition of sugars in crispbread. In the crispbread recipe, whole wheat and rye flour was partially replaced by apple powder in the amount of 10, 15 and 20%. The vibrations of the characteristic frequencies of organic compounds were obtained using infrared spectroscopy, this way it possible to identify the characteristic frequencies of functional groups. Studies show that apple products contain malic acid, which accounts for 72-82% of the total amount of acids. Also, raw apple materials contain citric acid, which accounts for about 2-4% and succinic – 6-9%. Volatile acids in an amount of 1-4% are found in malic powder. In the test with the addition of apple powder, the initial acidity increases and the content of volatile acids also increases but only slightly. It has been experimentally established that the introduced additional raw materials stimulate the fermentation process of the dough. At the same time, the duration of the ripening test is reduced to 30-40 minutes, and the duration of the proofing is equal to 15 minutes. A comparative analysis of the IR spectra of apple powder and three samples of bread (with a content of 10, 15 and 20% of apple powder) and monosaccharides showed the following monosaccharide composition: the presence of galactose, arabinose, mannose and, presumably, sucrose. The data obtained during the study corresponds fairly well with the literature data on the monosaccharide composition. Studies have shown that using the method of IR spectroscopy, the monosaccharide composition of the product can be obtained in a quite simple and fast way.

The paper presents one of the approaches for identifying fatty acids using gas chromatography, which significantly reduces the analysis time, and is equally effective when compared with the traditional method of studying the fatty acid composition. The determination of the composition of fatty acids today is a guarantee of quality in identifying various conformations and modifications of milk fat, the bioactive properties of individual acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 families, etc. Moreover, this method is time-consuming, therefore, the goal of this work is to optimize the parameters of this methodology for quick and regular analysis of fatty acid composition in laboratories and dairy enterprises. The analysis of the fatty acid composition was carried out using two columns with different stationary phases. A comparative evaluation of the analytical characteristics was carried out on two capillary chromatographic columns: SP-2560 100 ? 0.25 mm ID, 0.2 ?m with a stationary phase FFAP (traditional) and a gas chromatographic column BPX-70: stationary phase 70% cyanopropylphenyl dimethylpolysiloxane, 10 m ? 0.1 m ? 0.20 ?m. Detection was carried out using a flame ionization detector. A mixture of Supelco® 37 FAME Mix fatty acid methyl esters and Sigma-Aldrich methyl decanoate analytical standard was used as the standard. For data processing, the NetChrom software was used, the composition of fatty acid methyl esters was calculated by the internal normalization method. The analysis time of the first column was 49.07 minutes, for the second 8.44, respectively. The use of a stationary phase column of cyanopropylphenyl dimethylpolysiloxane significantly reduced the analysis time when eluting a complex composition of fatty acids. The studies were carried out using modern analytical techniques and arbitration methods of analysis in the laboratory of technochemical control of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of the Dairy Industry. This adapted analysis method will be of interest to specialists in the field of laboratory research and processing enterprises.

The work is devoted to studying the influence of physical-chemical and mechanical impact on the process of fat rendering in the presence of electrolyte (catholite) in order to develop an algorithm of fat extraction and obtain a high quality product with adjustable melting point. It is determined that the duration of rendering and heat treatment of raw materials have an equal effect on the index of acid number of ostrich fat. The inverse dependence on the hydrogen indicator of the water phase of the catholite, providing a decrease in the acid number of fat, is revealed. Positive dynamics on the indicator of acid number of ready product at fat extraction with pH of the catholite in the range of 10-10,5 irrespective of temperature and duration of process (acid number of fat did not exceed 0,77 mg KON/g) was established. In the course of fat rendering at the temperature of 50-55 ? and pH of the catolyte not lower than 9, it was found that the peroxide number is in the range of 1.56-1.81 mmol of active oxygen/kg, which confirms the inhibitory effect of the electrochemical environment not only on lipolysis, but also on lipid oxidative degradation. The highest yield of rendered fat was observed at the time and temperature of raw material processing, respectively, 60 minutes and 95 ?, pH of catholite is 10. The use of electro-activated liquid allowed to reduce time of fat extraction by half without significant losses in yield and quality of the finished product. With increase of pH of catolite up to 10,5 it was possible to reduce time and temperature of heatering up to 45 minutes and 75 ? correspondingly while maintaining high value of fat yield that confirms efficiency of electrolyte application and also possibility to set conditions and parameters of rendering depending on the objectives sought. Fat, rendered with the help of electro-activated liquid, does not possess toxicity at intragastric injection to laboratory animal, and also irritating and allergic effect during application on mucous membranes and skin

The antimicrobial effect of extracts from callus of the common skullcap with the prospect of using in the recipe of a functional curd product for therapeutic and preventive action is studied. It is known that plants of the genus skullcap contain phenolic compounds that cause antimicrobial action, the most common among them are flavonoids-baykalin, scutellarein, hydrolyzed to glucuronic acid and aglycones-baykalein and scutellarein, vogonin, etc. the Study of antimicrobial activity was carried out in accordance with the requirements of The state Pharmacopoeia XI edition. Antimicrobial activity was determined in relation to 15 test cultures by diffusion in agar. The method is based on the assessment of inhibition of growth of test cultures of microorganisms by certain concentrations of the test object. Rod-shaped bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serracia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, Hafnia alvei, Bacillus cereus), coccus microflora (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium), different strains of fungi of the genus Candida (Candida non-albicans № 136, 138, 142, 144). The result was evaluated according to the following criteria: “-“ – growth of the test culture (there is no antibacterial effect); “+” – no growth (the antibacterial effect is pronounced); “±” – inhibition of growth (bacteriostatic action).

The main reason for spoilage of berry raw materials is the high water content in it. And in order to increase the shelf life of such raw materials and products based on it, various dehydration methods are used. Osmotic dehydration, considered in this article, is one of the best and suitable methods for increasing the shelf life of berry products, as well as increasing the biological value of the product. This method is preferred relative to other methods of dehydration due to the fact that when it is used in raw materials, more vitamins and minerals are preserved, and the color, aroma and taste of berries are also better preserved. Osmotic dehydration is a process due to the presence of semi-permeable membranes, during which the concentration is balanced. Osmosis takes place during the immersion of fruits in concentrated solutions of osmotically active substances. In such a system, two opposite processes occur: water diffuses from the product into the solution, and the dissolved substance diffuses from the solution into the product. This article discusses the features of the process of osmotic dehydration of blackcurrant berries. Blackcurrant is a promising raw material for processing enterprises. The berry contains a large amount of ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and has a high antioxidant activity. Methods were studied for samples of dried blackcurrant berries (by convection), with preliminary osmotic dehydration with various osmotic agents (sucrose, flower honey), using the following methods: ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity were determined titrimetrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent polyphenols, spectrophotometrically anthocyanins.

The article describes and presents the results of research in the selection of direct-application ferments containing lactic acid bacteria and lactic streptococci to optimize the production process of hard cheeses "Melkorisunchatyj 1" and "Melkorisunchatyj 2". The research objects were selected starter cultures of direct application of DSS-275 by " Chr. Hansen" (Denmark) and mos 066 C of Sacco s.r.l (Italy). Based on the results of trial workings, recommendations are given for the use of starter cultures to produce hard cheeses with a small pattern. The possibilities of using direct starter cultures in the production of hard cheeses were studied. As objects of research, conditionally named cheeses "Melkorisunchatyj 1" and "Melkorisunchatyj 2", starter compositions and a milk-clotting preparation were selected. For hard cheeses with fine patterns, the most suitable starter cultures are those consisting of a complex of lactic acid bacteria and milk streptococci. To obtain cheeses with improved organoleptic characteristics, direct starter cultures DSS - 275 from Chr. Hansen "(Denmark) and MOS 066 C of the company" Sacco s.r.l "(Italy). Frozen starter cultures were reconstituted in warm milk and then added to the mixture after filling the bath. A solution of the milk-clotting enzyme was introduced after an increase in titratable acidity by 1.3–1.5 ° T. Good quality cheese was obtained at pH 5.5 at the end of self-pressing. For hard cheeses, it is advisable to use starter cultures combining lactic acid and aromatizing microorganisms.

This paper provides an overview of methods for processing and recycling chicken droppings. Poultry farms are a source of litter formation in an amount much larger than the main products. The litter contains up to 80% organic matter, many trace elements, all essential amino acids, growth regulators, vitamins, nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the Federal waste catalog, fresh chicken droppings belong to the 3rd hazard class. Fresh dung contains a significant amount of weed seeds, helminth eggs and pathogenic microorganisms. Dung is a source of toxic gases-ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon monoxide. Without recycling, manure becomes a source of environmental pollution. Disposal of chicken droppings is a difficult issue for many farms. Modern trends in the processing and use of poultry manure: 1) direct application to the soil without additional treatment, 2) Processing by passive and active composting, 3) Vermicomposting, 4) Processing with the help of housefly larvae, 5) Dehydration and drying (mechanical, thermal, vacuum), 6) Pyrolysis at t = 450-550 °C, 7) Plasma gasification, 8) thermal depolymerization Technology, 9) Direct combustion in steam and hot water boilers, 10) Microbiological conversion, 11) anaerobic digestion in Methane tanks with the formation of biogas, 12) Dung as a component of compound feed for cattle. The considered technologies of utilization of bird droppings do not fully contribute to the preservation of the environment and production. At the present stage, the industry needs an environmentally friendly and cost-effective biotechnology for processing manure, which makes it possible to turn organic waste into valuable raw materials for obtaining feed, fuels, fertilizers, and substrates for the chemical and microbiological industries. The future of waste management is in nature-like technologies, because in nature, all the necessary processing mechanisms are already in place.

Resource-saving thermodynamic cycles for material and energy flows in the technology of storing liquid hydrocarbon fuel in tanks using a vapor compression heat pump are proposed, which reduce the loss of fuel resulting from evaporation. The heat pump is equipped with a two-section evaporator, the working and reserve sections of which alternately operate in condensation and regeneration modes, respectively. Vapors of hydrocarbon fuel from the tank are discharged to the evaporator section operating in condensation mode. The water contained in the fuel vapor condenses on the heat ex-change surface in the form of an ice crust, and the condensed fuel separated from the water is discharged into an interme-diate tank and returned to the storage tank. The condensation heat of the refrigerant in the condenser is used to heat the intermediate coolant, which is sent to defrost the section of the evaporator operating in the regeneration mode. After this section, the spent intermediate coolant is returned to the condenser in the closed thermodynamic cycle mode. The water formed during defrosting is sent to the biological treatment stage. Thus, real conditions are created for increasing the ener-gy efficiency and environmental safety of the technology for storing liquid hydrocarbon fuel in tanks with maximum con-densation of the vapors resulting from evaporation.

The structure and properties of ammonium polyphosphate and sodium silicofluoride used as dispersed fillers for epoxy compositions were studied. The morphology of the fillers was studied separately and in an epoxy composite matrix using scanning electron microscopy with an X-ray energy dispersive analysis detector. Due to the fact that sodium silicofluoride is a by-product in the production of phosphoric acid, its particle size was determined by sieve analysis and particle parameters were statistically calculated, while a comparative analysis of the studied filler with ammonium polyphosphate widely used in the production of composite materials, which at the same time, was performed time was not modified by the surfactant 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The study of morphology and properties is a determining factor describing the size and type of particles, which entails the possibility of controlling technological parameters, such as the dynamic viscosity of the system, resistance to various loads, therefore, it is possible to obtain highly filled composites having high physical and mechanical characteristics. In this regard, the influence of the studied fillers on the properties of polymer composite materials is determined. The mechanisms of interaction of the modifying additive of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with an epoxy oligomer and the effect of sizing on the properties of sodium silicofluoride and ammonium polyphosphate, processes, and the formation of a monolayer heterofunctional surfactant are studied.

A characteristic feature of highly concentrated effluents is the presence of valuable components - biologically active substances, which are secondary raw materials. The effectiveness of physico-chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods in relation to highly concentrated wastewater from a poultry processing enterprise, as well as the prevention of the secondary pollution of the effluent supplied to biological treatment, were analyzed in the work. The objects of the study included poultry stock (suspended solids 1770.0 mg / dm3, dry residue 1920.0 mg / dm3, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 1769.0 mg O2 / dm3), iron (III) FeCl3 chloride, iron soluble electrodes as the coagulant. The objectives of study involved determination of wastewater treatment effectiveness by the studied methods (physico-chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation) with the priority indicators changing: suspended solids, dry residue, chemical consumption of oxygen, iron, chlorides, and the precipitated residue mass. As a result of testing of highly concentrated effluents with a COD index of at least 1700.0 mg O2 / dm3, it was found out that during physico-chemical coagulation with FeCl3 at a concentration of 0.75 g / dm3, the content of priority indicators decreased by no less than 60%, while the effectiveness of electrocoagulation in relation to reducing the concentration of priority indicators was at least 70%. The content of iron compounds in wastewater with the application of electrochemical coagulation was 2.08 mg / dm3, which is 34% lower than after treatment of the effluent with iron (III) chloride FeCl3 at a concentration of 0.75 g / dm3. The chloride concentration did not change. As a result of the treatment of the effluent during the coagulation of (III) FeCl3, the secondary contamination of the treated effluent and the isolated products with iron and chlorides took place. This aspect may adversely affect the subsequent biological wastewater treatment, as well as lead to a decrease in the quality of the isolated product and its use limitation. Electrocoagulation is a more preferred way of isolating valuable components in relation to physico-chemical coagulation.

In modern Russia and the CIS countries, phosphogypsum waste is an urgent environmental problem. This product is obtained in the production of phosphoric acid and is a large tonnage of low-recyclable waste. According to open sources, it is processed 20 times less than it is produced. Attempts to use it in cement production, in construction, in agricultural purposes do not lead to a cardinal fracture and it is still accumulating. In this regard, the topic of processing and use of phosphogypsum is an urgent topic. In the modern world there is a demand for bright luminescent colors, paints, consumer goods. An analysis of the literature showed that phosphors can be made from various chemicals, including metal sulfides. The purpose of the work is to study the possibility of obtaining a phosphor from phosphogypsum and its use as a filler-pigment for polymer products. The phosphor was obtained from phosphogypsum by the reduction of phosphogypsum with an organic substance. This phosphor was studied in polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and other polymer matrices. It is shown to be compatible with polyolefins, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, nitrocellulose matrices; not compatible with epoxy matrices. It is shown that at the melting temperature of polymers this phosphor does not decompose, does not lose its properties. As a result of the work, conclusions were drawn about the possibility of obtaining a cheap phosphor filler, which is compatible with many industrial polymers. This phosphor can be used in toys, in the manufacture of special luminescent paint and consumer goods..

When creating filled polymer composite materials, difficulties often arise due to poor compatibility of polymers with modifying additives. To solve such problems, surface-active substances (SAS) are successfully used in many industries, but they are practically not used in polymer processing. This is largely due to the insufficient assortment of surfactants produced that are suitable for introduction into polymers, especially film-forming ones. Anionic and nonionic surfactants are used in the synthesis and processing of elastomers, but they are not used in the production of film materials. As for the use of cationic surfactants, there are still no data at all. They differ from other types of surfactants in a variety of structures, in the number and relative positions of cationic centers and hydrophobic radicals, and also in antimicrobial properties. The prospects of using quaternary ammonium salts for the modification of packaging materials are shown. The expediency of using cationic surfactants for the modification of polymeric materials is proved. It is shown that the use of quaternary ammonium salts improves the physical and mechanical properties of films based on polyethylene and polypropylene. It is proved that cationic surfactants are technologically compatible with polyolefins, which allows the processing of polymer compositions by extrusion. Today, the most common polymers for food packaging are polyethylene and polypropylene. This is due to their low cost, safety in contact with food products, and suitability for processing into films of different thicknesses. More and more attention is being paid to the creation of packaging materials with antimicrobial properties. The imparting of such properties is achieved by introducing an antimicrobial additive into the polymer melt. It is most expedient to introduce additives directly into the melt of the polymer composition during processing, since, for example, during the extrusion process, polymer homogenization with the additive.

A numerical study of the dynamics of pressure swing adsorption process for synthesis gas separation and hydrogen concentration was carried out. The influence of regime parameters (compressor and vacuum pump outlet pressures, duration of the "adsorption-desorption" cycle, backflow coefficient) and design parameters (height of the adsorbent bulk layer and the internal bed diameter) on the recovery and purity of hydrogen, plant performance in a given range of changes in the temperature, composition and pressure of the initial gas mixture was studied. It is found that when the hydrogen content decreases from 68 to 48 vol. % and a simultaneous increase in the carbon dioxide content in the initial gas mixture from 27 to 47 vol. % required hydrogen purity value at 99.99 vol. % can be achieved by reducing the pressure at the outlet of the vacuum pump from 0.75?105 to 0.5?105 Pa. At the same time, the duration of the adsorption stage increases from 120 to 150 seconds, and the degree of hydrogen extraction decreases from 55 to 52% due to an increase in the proportion of the flow selected for the regeneration of the adsorbent. Increasing the temperature of the initial gas mixture from 293 to 323 K leads to the need to reduce the duration of the adsorption stage from 148 to 42 s due to a decrease in the equilibrium concentrations of carbon dioxide and monoxide in the adsorbent.

In this paper, we studied the effect of heat treatment on the texture characteristics of Co-Mo/Al2O3, a catalyst for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). It has been experimentally proved that the heat treatment conditions at the stage of obtaining the metal oxide catalyst have a significant effect not only on its morphology, but also on its activity in the process of synthesis of CNTs. It was found that the implementation of the heat treatment of the starting components in one stage (decomposition) allows to obtain a catalytic system with a specific surface of ~ 14 ? 26 m2/g and a specific yield of ? ~ 5.2 ? 9.4 gС/gcat, and in two stages (decomposition / calcination) - Scat ~ 30 ? 147 m2/g and ? ~ 18.6 ? 30.0 gС/gcat. The smallest degree of defectiveness (ID / G ~ 0.53 ? 0.72) includes CNTs synthesized on a catalyst formed as a result of thermal changes for 10 min at 350 ° C and calcination at 500 °C, the diameter of the nanotubes is 15 ? 19 nm. The use of a metal oxide catalyst during the synthesis of CNTs, which has been calcined at higher temperatures (700 °C and above), leads to an increase in the speed and degree of defectiveness of the resulting nanostructures. Thus, the introduction of an additional heat treatment stage — calcination in the process of obtaining the Co-Mo/ Al2O3 catalyst — makes it possible to flexibly control the quality parameters of not only the formed metal oxide systems, but also the CNTs synthesized on them.

This study describes the ways to optimize the stage of processing multidimensional data of simulation systems with an integrated analytical signal such as an electronic nose. Programming models are presented in Exel tables for calculating additional parameters of the qualitative composition of a mixture of gases and vapors. Programming spreadsheets greatly simplifies the processing of the initial data of a set of sensors and allows you to quickly get new parameters to characterize the composition of the smell of samples. The formulas for calculating 4 additional characteristics are presented: identification parameters of sorption, kinetic parameter, sorption parameter for 3 sensors, mass fraction of components, mainly sorbed on each sensor in the array of electronic nose, and Pearson's similarity parameter for sets of these characteristics in order to compare the multi-component composition of the odor analyzed samples. The example of analyzing the smell of human skin shows the possibility of developing software for personal devices. The software includes the calculation of the characteristics of the proposed models and the visualization of their sets for easy perception by untrained users. The software allows you to quickly process data from the device, to present the possible causes of the deviation of the state from the average statistical norms. For a set of identification parameters of sorption, the boundaries of numerical values are defined, which characterize the normal functioning of the organism as a whole, individual organs and systems. When a calculated parameter enters these boundaries in the state diagram, it is colored green. The numerical limits of parameters and for anomalous states are determined. When the values of the calculated parameters fall into these intervals, on the state sphere, the zones of the corresponding parameters are colored yellow or red.So, untrained users easily perceive information without complex processing of multi-dimensional data.

Analysis of the efficiency reserves of the most promising technologies for biodiesel production showed the feasibility of implementing the technological cycle in the following sequence: first, the transesterification of vegetable oil with supercritical alcohol, then the fluid supercritical СО2 extraction of the cooled reaction mixture; its separation in the field of centrifugal forces to separate glycerol from the target product, and then the separation of carbon dioxide by gas-liquid separation to obtain purified biodiesel and return carbon dioxide to the extraction stage. In accordance with the methodology of exergetic analysis, the influence of internal and external energy losses on the system is considered. The total number of internal exergetic losses associated with the irreversibility of any real processes included losses from the final temperature difference as a result of recuperative heat exchange between material and heat flows, as well as hydraulic losses caused by a sudden increase in the specific volume of the coolant when it enters the operating volumes of the devices from the pipeline. External losses are related to the conditions of the system interface with the environment. They are caused by the difference between the temperature of heat carriers and the ambient temperature, imperfect thermal insulation of equipment and condensate discharge. Exergetic analysis has shown that the exergetic efficiency for the technology of biodiesel production in supercritical conditions using steam-ejection refrigerating machine is 52.62%, which is 15–20% higher than that of known technologies. This characterizes the proposed technology as a heat-technological system with a high degree of thermodynamic perfection, which was achieved by organizing work in closed thermodynamic cycles and using exhausted heat carriers.

An attempt has been made to obtain a working technological formula that regulates the addition of comonomer over time, which ensures the synthesis of a copolymer macromolecule with a constant composition and, accordingly, with predicted properties of both the copolymer and its modified porous composite materials. Mathematical modeling is based on the theory of the kinetics of copolymerization, which takes into account the reactivity of monomers by means of copolymerization constants of reacting comonomers. The starting base was the kinetics of the copolymerization of two comonomers, significantly differing in their reactivity, which required a sequential, stepwise supply of a less reactive monomer to the reaction medium with a more active monomer. This technological technique contributes to maintaining the constancy of the initial ratio of comonomers and, accordingly, the synthesis of a copolymer with a constant composition, structure and properties. The dependence of the sequence of supply of comonomer to the reaction medium required the introduction of a generalized effective binary copolymerization rate coefficient. To find the generalized coefficient of the copolymerization rate, the operation of logarithm was performed and the current expression of the dependence of the concentration change of the more active monomer in time in a linear form was translated. This mathematical technique made it possible to use software to process reference information to obtain the necessary coefficients for the working formula. As a result of mathematical modeling using the basic principles of binary copolymerization, the law of effective masses, and the least squares method, a working formula is obtained that allows one to regulate the given introduction of a less active monomer into the reaction medium in time. The model is analyzed using background information, the basic concepts of binary copolymerization and can be used in technological calculations when producing copolymers with specified characteristics in composition and structure.

Carbon nanotubes are effective nanomodifiers – providing the formation of a variety of thermal and electrophysical properties in composite materials. The functional purpose of composite materials determines the type and concentration of carbon nanostructures. The use of carbon nanostructures in polymer composites intended for electromagnetic shielding and electrode materials of supercapacitors is a promising direction in modern materials science. The method of manufacturing a radio-absorbing composite material included impregnation of a polyurethane foam billet – an aqueous composite suspension consisting of water, an acrylic copolymer, and carbon nanotubes "Taunit-MD". Structural studies of carbon nanotube samples were performed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. To do this, PAM and SAM studies were performed using a HitachiH-800 electron microscope with an accelerating voltage of up to 200 Kev. For research purposes, electrodes with an area of 2 cm2 were made from carbon materials. Active mass was prepared from a carbon material and a binder, polivinildenftorid. Show PEM and SAM micrographs for samples of carbon nanotubes with the commercial name "Taunit-M". In this case, carbon nanotubes are characterized by smaller thicknesses in the range of 10-20 nm with a preferred average size of 12-15 nm. The structure of the tubes is very defective. The thickness of the tubes varies in some areas (not exceeding hundreds of nm) by more than 2 times. Carbon nanotubes have an irregular shape-there are processes, bends. The analysis of the obtained results allows us to conclude that the characteristic of the reflected EMI signal demonstrated by the pyramidal RPM is close in its values to that of the free space. At the same time, in comparison with the free space, there is a slight weakening (3-4) dB of the reflection coefficient. Carbon nanotubes MD has characteristics that exceed the carbon fabric "busofit" in terms of specific mass capacity, but inferior to it in terms of specific surface capacity. In addition, this advantage completely disappears at high current densities, which may be the result of a closed macrostructure and requires further optimization of the electrode manufacturing technology

The problem of ensuring high rates and level of socio-economic development of the country and its regions necessitates a thorough study and improvement of existing approaches to the functioning and future development of territorial entities. As a retrospective analysis of this issue shows, at present, there is an active discussion of scientific, methodological and practical provisions related to ensuring the socio-economic development of the regions. The objective of this study is the theoretical and methodological justification of the need and the possibility of using a new terminological unit of territorial entities in terms of a systematic approach. The article presents the results of applying a systematic approach to the study of territorial entities. In accordance with the requirements and features of the systematic approach, the necessity of distinguishing a new maxim “regional spatial system” is substantiated and a description of its most essential characteristics is made. The systemic aspects of the regional spatial system and their impact on the functioning of the system are considered, a group of priority development problems is identified, and the research and application of the regional spatial system are justified in order to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of the regions. Thus, the aspects of a systematic approach highlighted by the authors as applied to the analyzed object of research make it possible to reveal the substantive side of the CPF and, based on this, carry out forecasting and planning in order to ensure the effective strategic development of CPF in the conditions of the modern dynamic and volatile development of the national economy.

The growth of modern systemic challenges in the context of globalization and integration processes leads to the creation of an effective regional agrarian structure, as one of the most pressing problems of scientific research in economic and social forecasting. The formation of an effective modern agrarian structure and the prospects for its long-term development will largely be determined by state policy, the institution of selective structural support for the state. The agrarian policy of the state to improve the institutional agrarian structure in the region on the basis of foreign and domestic experience should: - contribute to the growth in the number of family peasant farms in all sub-sectors of agriculture in all territories of the region; - create favorable economic conditions that stimulate the economy to create consumer (service) cooperatives of various specializations; - to economically stimulate large agro-industrial formations to interact with small forms of agribusiness. The conceptual directions and mechanisms of the long-term development of the agrarian structure in the Central Chernozem Region are defined, which include goals, stages, principles and objectives of the long-term development of the agrarian structure in the region, legal regulation, financial support, innovative development, the development of markets for agricultural products measures to implement the concept.

One of the innovative directions of the prospective development of electric power complexes of the countries of the world is the technology of smart power supply networks, the main element of which is the system of industrial energy storage. They began to be widely used for use as local energy storage devices used in combination with renewable energy sources. The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of the shape of the graphs of consumers' electrical loads on the effect obtained in the process of price-dependent energy management based on industrial energy storage systems in the current conditions of procurement in the wholesale and retail electricity markets of Russia. The methods of analysis, synthesis, and systems approach are used. To carry out the study, we took data on the characteristics of typical graphs of electric loads of various types of large consumers, price parameters of electricity supply from the retail electricity market, valid for consumers of the Central Federal District. Based on the three basic types of hourly electricity consumption schedules, which have different indicators of daily load factors, calculations were made of changes in the parameters of the cost of electricity purchases and average prices for the purchase of electricity, as well as the comparative characteristics of cost parameters and average prices were revealed. Based on the analysis of the parameters of the cost of electricity and average purchase prices, the example of the Voronezh region investigated the direction of change in the total cost of electricity purchases and average purchase tariffs as the fill factor of daily load schedules changes. The dependence of the effects of lowering the average price of electricity purchases on the fill factor was revealed. Based on the data on the price parameters of all electric power components for the regions of the Central Federal District, the cost parameters and average tariffs for the purchase of electricity were calculated, which made it possible to identify the uneven parameters of both the monthly costs of purchasing electricity before and after the use of electric energy storage systems, and the parameters for reducing the average purchase tariffs electricity after applying storage systems. The analysis of the effects of the use of energy storage systems for different demand schedules and levels of rated voltage was carried out, which revealed a tendency to increase the effect of a decrease in average prices for the purchase of electricity as the level of rated voltage decreases. The results can be used by employees of energy companies in Russia or energy services of industrial enterprises of the Central Federal District in the process of analysis of investment projects on the use of industrial energy storage systems.

Housing and communal services is an integral part of the social sphere of any settlement. Currently, its technical condition is characterized by a high degree of wear, low efficiency and loss of resources and coolants. Because of this, housing and communal services is unattractive to investors. A detailed analysis of the financial results of the municipal unitary enterprise of the Kamenno-Stepnoy rural settlement “Oasis” was carried out, the reasons for the decrease in efficiency by types of activities: heat supply, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management were identified. The analysis of the problems of the work of the MUE “Oasis” for 2016–2018. In 2017, from the 7.3 km heating network, 2.1 km already needed to be replaced, and in 2018 – 2.3 km or 31.5%. The number of accidents for 2017–2018 on heat supply sources (on steam and heat networks) – 4. Among water consumers, less than 50% have individual meters. For 2017-2018 7 accidents occurred on the water supply system, water losses amounted to approximately 13% of its total volume. Due to breakthroughs of heating networks, the loss of thermal energy in 2017 amounted to 1116 gigacalories, and in 2018 – 1235 gigacalories. The analyzed company has an unstable financial condition, it is insolvent. In order to increase the stability of the functioning of the Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Oasis”, it is proposed to carry out a number of measures: development of the enterprise on the basis of public-private partnerships, strengthening payment discipline, reducing costs and strengthening labor discipline.

In Russia over the past 20 years, a series of processes has occurred, which entailed strong changes in the external, internal economy, labor market and the tourist market of the country. Some changes did not receive positive dynamics, others faced a series of failures. Looking at the hospitality industry in a specific way, one can understand that the inefficient development of this cluster is due to the fact that the services provided by this sector are at a very low level. Moreover, the quality of services is always equal to the professional level of employees and their desire to provide a guest with a personalized service with an individual approach to it. It is such a process of work that serves as a factor in the involvement of personnel in the process of providing services and the continued successful existence of the enterprise in the services market and its development. The last 5-10 years can be described as the time for the design of the hospitality industry as an independent industry. Entering the world level followed after a large number of international-class events. An important factor is the global coverage of territories and all subjects of Russia. Attention to the hospitality industry has reached the state level and is reflected in a large number of documents of long-term significance with specific tasks. All the key stages that were set before the industry are outlined in targeted programs and are aimed at both inbound and outbound tourism. The introduction of these programs contributed to the creation of collective accommodation facilities of various levels, which increased the number of jobs and reduced the unemployment rate in the regions, and increased the investment attractiveness of the regions. Over the past 20 years, there has been an increase in investment in the regions by more than 3 times.

The fishery complex is an integral part of the national economy. Fish and its processed products are an important part of a balanced and healthy diet. They do not have an alternative replacement, therefore, an efficiently functioning fishery complex plays a big role in ensuring the country's food security and preserves aquatic biological resources. In coastal areas, it is a center of labor force employment, since fishing cannot do without related industries: shipbuilding, production of gear, processing, packaging and transportation of fish products, and therefore it is the core of production and port infrastructure, an incentive for the development of the social sphere and a center attraction of innovation. Currently, the industry is experiencing difficulties associated with both internal and external problems. For further progressive development of the complex, it is necessary to attract investors and financing from various sources for the technical re-equipment of the existing material and technical base, as well as create completely new production assets. A potential investor needs information about the possible pluses and minuses, acquisitions and losses. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the potential investment attractiveness of the domestic fisheries complex. In theoretical science there is no definition of investment attractiveness. Therefore, when conducting this study, the authors followed the canons of classical economic theory and used comparison methods, historical, deduction and induction, statistical and others. Analyzing the legislation, regulatory documents, scientific articles, monographs, reviews, they came to the following conclusions: the fishery complex has an investment attractiveness under a set of certain conditions. The potential for investment attractiveness of the fishery complex at the present stage is characterized by the presence of a legislative base, increasing demand for fish in world markets and domestically, the stability of the conditions for obtaining quotas for fishing and aquatic biological resources, government participation in co-financing projects, the availability of a state order for finished products, and scientific opportunities capacity etc.

The features of support for the logistics sphere of production of equipment (products) at Russian high-tech enterprises are examined and the main areas of activity of enterprises are clarified in terms of providing integrated support for the logistics sphere of products at all stages of the life cycle. Based on current trends in the development of the economy of the Russian Federation, the use of the latest logistics technologies in the management of production enterprises is of particular relevance. It has been established that in the implementation of the traditional system of product logistic support, information flows carry information about product requirements, cost, ordering and delivery of finished products to consumers. Currently, certain steps are being taken to introduce CALS-technologies, which are considered as tools for organizing and providing continuous information support to all participants in the creation, production and use of products at all stages of the product life cycle, reducing costs in the production, operation and repair processes. It was revealed that in the traditional support system for the product’s logistics sphere there is no centralized planning, the logistics information system cannot promptly change the parameters of the main elements of the support system depending on the changed operating conditions of the product. A promising system of integrated support for the logistics sector based on CALS-technologies is proposed, which eliminates the shortcomings by analyzing the support of the logistics sector.

Researchers of measures of state support and regulation of small businesses in the Tyumen region. The legal basis of the mechanism of state support for small businesses in the region is represented by documents of the Federal and regional level. The infrastructure of state support for small business in the Tyumen region includes regional authorities, as well as organizations of a commercial and non-commercial nature, whose operation is aimed at promoting the implementation of small business development programs, providing assistance to small businesses and providing conditions for their creation and development. The main measures of state support in relation to small businesses include regional investment support, the region's guarantee investment Fund, providing loans, providing subsidies, microloans, and legal support for small businesses. The authors conducted a study of the system of state support for small businesses in the Tyumen region allows us to evaluate it as a fairly balanced and diverse set of measures and forms of assistance to small businesses. However, despite this, the current system of small business support needs further improvement. In this regard, the authors propose specific measures to improve state support for small businesses, which can be directly implemented in the practice of the Tyumen region, namely: the system of rating candidates for state support from the point of view of socio-economic impact of their activities designed to reduce the level of bureaucracy; the system of obtaining insider information about activity of subjects of small business, designed to increase the efficiency of the state support; the response of the system of state registers in order to exchange regional experience of measures of state support and prevention of abuses.

The presence of unique natural complexes and landscapes in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, creating the prerequisites for the development of the hospitality and tourism industry. A study of the current state and the competitive advantages of the region for the development of the tourism industry in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic have been identified. The study found that on the territory of the Republic there are currently 11 zones of potential recreational specialization with different levels of development, including the Nalchik health resort complex, the Prielbrusye mountain recreation complex, and the Jyly – health-improving complexes Su”, “Aushiger”, “Tambukan”, climbing complex “Bezengi”, excursion-tourist complexes “Chegem waterfalls”, “Blue Lakes”, “Valley of Narzanov”, archaeological and tourist complexes» Upper Balkaria” and “Upper Chegem”. There are 14 different types of mineral springs in the republic: iodine-bromine, nitrogen-thermal, hydrogen sulfide, sodium bicarbonate, and bromine compounds. In the tourist complex of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in 2019, there is a positive trend in the number of beds, the number of persons accommodated, the number of tourist companies and the number of persons rested, and the number of visits to museums and theaters. Despite the positive dynamics of these indicators, there are negative aspects, characterized by a decrease in the number of children who had a rest in health camps for children, the number of Russian tourists sent by CBD travel agencies in the Russian Federation and in foreign tours, an imbalance between supply and demand (demand exceeds supply). The obtained results reveal an understanding of specific activities that ensure the economic growth of the tourism industry and the competitive advantages of the region. The results of the study can be applied in developing trends in the development of the tourism industry in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, in educational processes and in the tourism sector.

The calculation indicator of the planning model, which allows you to determine the study period in order to obtain uniform input data. This economic and mathematical model is an object that also uses a system of mathematical tools that maximizes the creation of value, taking into account additional restrictions that take into account various types of innovations, which as a result make it possible to create an innovative portfolio that most closely matches the strategy of the enterprise. , price range and the necessary resource of the innovation plan. An innovative portfolio is expressed in categories of capital prices that provide “normative” returns and investment prices in various directions. The double task shows the risk of forming an optimal portfolio. The type of restrictions allows us to formulate the condition that the income should be greater than the “normative” profitability for long-term projects. Estimates for each financial indicator allow you to compare the totality of indicators, as well as conduct comparisons with planned indications. Using this economic and mathematical model, indicators are predicted that characterize the planning, management and improvement of various aspects of the economic activity of countries. In this case, it is necessary to identify general patterns. The analysis of the financial condition of the company; identified and analyzed sources of financing in a number of years; an assessment of the enterprise circulation fund has been made; the amount of payables and receivables is determined; specific ratio of individual elements.

Small towns are gradually integrating into the Russian socio-economic system and are forced to increasingly participate in the competition for offering quality living conditions for citizens, attracting investments and the necessary workforce. Priority of the marketing concept in choosing approaches for the development of small cities was determined. In achieving the goals pursued by the marketing of a small city, an important role belongs to entrepreneurship as a catalyst for the economic activity of this subject. It should be borne in mind that a developing small business does not compensate for what was lost as a result of market transformations of past decades in cities that have lost the functions of enterprises of a city-forming base or transport and logistics centers, if it does not apply all the possibilities of modern marketing methods and tools. Traditional approaches to doing business in these conditions cannot fundamentally solve the problems of reviving the economy of a small city and require changes. The development of such forms of business as electronic marketing may be an opportunity to enter new markets and reduce tension in the labor market. The development of small towns requires special procedures: improving the image of the administrative-territorial formation and increasing competitiveness with the help of marketing tools and technologies. The use of electronic marketing is changing the entire business environment of a small city. As a result, the investment climate rises and the welfare of the subject increases. Electronic marketing adds factors such as round-the-clock availability, completeness of information and the presence of feedback (in the form of feedbacks), interactivity, instant reaction and constant updates, as well as other advantages of the virtual environment in the real process of promoting the territory.

Small business exists as an independent sector of a market economy, providing the basic needs of the national economy. Small business is the strategic resource for the sustainable socio-economic development of society, which ensures its high level and improves the quality of life of the population. It helps accelerate market transformations and is manifested in organizational and technological mobility, supporting a competitive environment, quick reaction to market needs, increasing tax revenues to the budget at all levels, renewing social resources, changing the standard of living of the population, reducing social differentiation, etc. entrepreneurship to a large extent allows saturating the market with goods and services even in the conditions of the observed economic recession and crisis, and also ensures market relations and is the guarantor of social stability. It was noted that about 8 million people were employed in the small business sector. It should be noted that the employment of the population in small and medium enterprises is about 25%. The turnover of products and services that are produced and sold by small and medium-sized businesses in the total turnover of products and services produced by enterprises in the country is about 30%. The sphere of small business is characterized by the unstable dynamics of the number of small enterprises employed by them, the irrational regional and sectoral structure of small business, its criminalization, etc., with negative moments that give rise to a conclusion about the unpredictable, chaotic nature of the development of this sector of the economy, which forms the basis of competitive relations in various sectors of the national economy.

When modeling a nonequilibrium economy, the behavior of participants is described by the same optimization problems, including the criterion and internal technological and budgetary constraints, as in the theory of Walrasian equilibrium. They are only supplemented by external restrictions on the purchase (or sale) of scarce (slow-moving) products. Various principles are known for establishing these boundaries. They can be fixed (a rigid scheme of rationing) and not depend directly on the decisions of the participant, or be determined by the demand expressed by them (flexible scheme). The presented demand for rationable products, as a rule, does not coincide with the Walrasian one. We will call it an order. In well-known models, the order is considered equal to active demand. The concept of active demand has been successfully used in price control models. However, it is not the object of the choice of participants aimed at optimizing their criteria. Meanwhile, it seems natural that manufacturers and consumers, seeking to maximize utility, are free to choose order sizes at their own discretion. Modeling of the situation arising with this approach is the goal of the present work and is based on a modification of the rationing scheme proposed by J.P. Benassi The work also considers equilibrium models at fixed prices, in which participants, when forming demand, take into account the scarcity of products and the level of satisfaction of orders. Models are used to assess the impact of taxes, government spending, and other macro-regulators on employment and national income. The paper provides an overview of literary sources in the subject area, as well as an economic interpretation of the results.

This article discusses one of the mechanisms for improving the quality of public services, such as the development of personnel in this area. The search for a solution to the problem of developing the human resources potential of the public services sector is necessary in order to achieve a high level of public satisfaction with the quality of public services. For the studied sphere of public services, this paper describes the procedure for preparing a matrix of developmental actions for the development of human resources competencies. in particular, the ten most important competencies for the success of the employee's work are identified. The factors that most motivate employees to work in the organization with full dedication and strive for self-improvement are identified. The methods of developing staff competencies that are most applicable to staff in the field under study are highlighted, and the advantages and limitations of using a specific method are presented. The result of this work was directly drawing up a matrix of developmental actions for the development of human resources competencies. The action of the matrix is aimed at building an effective process of developing staff competencies. The matrix contains specific actions and activities aimed at developing the competencies of the personnel potential of the public services sector. The benefits that an employee can get by following the recommendations presented in the matrix of developing actions for the development of human resources competencies are presented. Conclusions about the usefulness of measures for personnel development for managers of organizations, as it affects the image of the organization, the microclimate in the organization, ability to achieve the goals of the enterprise, maintaining a highly efficient employees, the efficiency of the policy in the sphere of development of the resource potential of the public services.

This article reveals the problem of the quality of human capital in the Russian regions. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for Russia to transition to a new model of economic growth, which is possible only on the basis of full use of human capital. An increased number of social risks that reduce the quality of life of citizens guides public authorities to determine the most important areas in the development of socio-economic policies. Based on official statistics for years 2014–2018, the human development index (HDI) was calculated for the Tyumen region (no autonomous districts included). The value of this indicator was compared with the Federal subjects, included in the Urals Federal District, as well as with the all-Russian indicator. Based on the values of the HDI index, conclusions revealing problems and giving guidelines of the regional socio-economic policy aimed at improving the quality of life of citizens in the Russian Federation and reducing the impact of social risks on it.

Among the mathematical methods used in economics, a prominent place is occupied by the dynamic programming method, with the help of which the optimal control of multi-stage processes is organized. The disadvantage of this method is the impossibility of calculating all solutions to the problem if their criteria-based estimates coincide. The fact of the existence of several optimal trajectories of a multi-step process may mean that the task is not set correctly, in the sense that the assigned criteria do not fully characterize the system under study. This means that the traditional method of dynamic programming needs to be refined in case of the existence of several optimal trajectories with the same value of the criterion. This article proposes the most general version of such refinement, namely, a multi-criteria numerical scheme is generalized. For a more visual representation of calculations and the result of the study, we will describe the discrete dynamic programming problem in terms of graph theory. In this case, it reduces to the problem of finding the optimal path on a directed graph. To solve it, a three-stage algorithm is proposed, the composition of which includes the following steps. The first stage is the construction of optimal criteria estimates for paths from the initial vertex to all the others. To perform this stage, the most universal method is the multicriteria version of the Ford – Bellman method. The second stage is the construction of a graph of optimal paths. In the original graph, arcs are selected that are part of the optimal paths. Of these, using the original algorithm, a subgraph is formed in which all paths are optimal. It is analytically proved that this algorithm gives the correct result (correct). The third stage is enumeration of all paths in the constructed subgraph. Numerical experiments showed that the proposed three-stage method works efficiently on oriented graphs of any type in a sufficiently large range of dimensions. The proposed algorithm with minimal changes can be used to solve an arbitrary discrete dynamic programming problem.

The article defines the ability of retailers, the ability of retailers to meet the requirements of consumers in high-quality products and trade services, taking into account local or regional characteristics. A generalization of the existing terminology allows us to understand the competitiveness of retailers as the ability of a retailer to meet the requirements of consumers in high-quality products and trading services taking into account local or regional characteristics. Assessment of the competitiveness level of a retail trade enterprise is carried out in the following sequence: selection of criteria and their assessment; determination of criteria weighting factors; calculation of a generalized criterion. To calculate the generalized competitiveness level of a retail trade enterprise, criteria and their scores are proposed, and their weighting factors are determined. An essential criterion for the competitiveness of retail enterprises is the degree to which they meet their real needs, which determines the different attractiveness of competitors to consumers. A direct comparison of retail enterprises in a series of similar ones (selling similar products or providing the same services) was carried out according to the main parameters (indicators): the atmosphere of the store, the internal environment of the store, the quality of goods and services, the image of the enterprise; financial and economic indicators. A comparative assessment of the competitiveness of retail trade enterprises has made it possible to establish that the Deya hypermarket is the most competitive trading enterprise. Along with this, it is necessary to direct the activities of the hypermarket to improve the financial and economic component and increase the image of the enterprise. One of the ways to increase the financial and economic indicators of a trading company is merchandising.

The global market for distributed energy technologies (small distributed generation, demand management, storage, energy efficiency, etc.) is growing at a rate of about 6-9% per year. A threefold increase in the commissioning of the volume of distributed generation capacities is relatively centralized by 2025. Distributed energy will be able to provide up to 75% of new connections during global electrification until 2030, according to the International Energy Agency. The current trends in the development of distributed energy technologies in Russia and the world are identified, the degree of influence of distributed energy technologies relative to the subjects of the UES of Russia is analyzed, the potential for the use of distributed energy technologies is considered.

Globalization of world markets, the formation of global supply chains, current economic trends allow us to count on further growth in world trade. The main challenge to the transport complex of the EAEU is the realization of the possibilities for reorienting part of the transported goods between the largest world markets for transportation through the territory of the EAEU. It should be noted that the attraction of transit freight traffic will remain relevant even with a decrease in world trade due to any economic changes, as it is not only about attracting additional freight traffic due to an increase in trade volumes, but also the redistribution of the structure of the existing freight traffic due to an increase in the share of the EAEU. All EAEU member states are interested in developing the transit transport market in Europe-Asia traffic and vice versa. Considering that almost all transit is container traffic, container rail transport will be mainly considered. The transportation of containers by road was not considered in the framework of the preparation of the report, due to the practical absence of such transportation across the Union from one external border to another. The existing container transportation by road is mainly a component of multimodal transportation, one of the links along with rail and water transportation. The task of the EAEU is to ensure an increase in transit traffic between the PRC and the EU, following the land route through the territory of the Union. The transit route from China to Europe through the Union has several advantages: it is faster than the sea route via the Suez Canal and cheaper than air transportation from China to Europe. Thus, there are all the prerequisites for the reorientation of part of the cargo flow to transportation through Eurasian transit corridors. The main share of container transportation in the world is in maritime transport. Due to its characteristics, maritime transport will continue to play a key role in the Europe-Asia transport market. However, there are two factors that are currently pushing for the diversification of communications and the opening of new land connections between Europe and Asia.